Psychology
Call me Ishmael, dammit!
New research shows we can internalize fiction.
When you look back on your life, you may recall slaying a white whale, or falling in love with a prepubescent Lolita, or tracking down the last of the Mohicans — but more likely you just overdosed on Melville, Nabokov or James Fenimore Cooper.
New research from the University of Washington shows that reading a story about a fictitious experience can alter people’s memories to the point that half believe the incident actually occurred in their own lives. The researchers were to report their findings Thursday at the American Psychological Society’s annual meeting in Denver.
In the two-year study on memory distortion, headed by doctoral candidate Jacqueline Pickrell and colleagues at UW, researchers used a questionnaire to screen a pool of college undergraduates about childhood experiences. Had they ever been lost in a shopping mall? Had they ever been picked on by a bully? Sixty-five students who said those two experiences “probably never happened” to them were asked to come back two weeks later for additional testing that the researchers disguised as a separate survey on reading comprehension.
This time participants were asked to read a short story — one that included details about a child getting lost in a mall or being bullied. The students were then called back to fill out the original questionnaire one day, eight days and 15 days after reading the story. A control group that was not exposed to the stories filled out the screening questionnaire along with the other subjects.
When retested, subjects who read one of the stories were far more likely to say they had experienced the fictional situation than students in the control group. On the Day 1 retest, 32 percent of the readers said the event had happened to them, compared to 24 percent of the controls. By Day 8 the numbers had increased to 50 percent of the readers and 27 percent of the controls. On Day 15, 39 percent of the readers and 29 percent of the controls said they had indeed experienced the event they previously denied experiencing.
“This is further evidence of the reconstructive nature of memory,” Pickrell says, speaking by cell phone en route to Denver. “You don’t realize it, but you’re incorporating information all the time. Memory takes bits and pieces of current events and incorporates them into our past. We’re constantly adding new information to reconstruct our autobiographical history.”
So what do these survey results say about cases of “recovered memory” in which patients suddenly recall, after decades of apparent forgetfulness — and often at the suggestion of their therapists — traumatic episodes from childhood? “Changing belief is the first step to creating false memory,” Pickrell says. “We’re not implanting false events. We’ve demonstrated that you don’t even have to be that suggestive.”
The study revealed another surprise. The subjects were randomly assigned to read same-sex or opposite-sex versions of the two stories, and results showed that readers were more likely to come to believe that fictional incidents had happened to them when they read a story with a protagonist of the opposite sex than one with a same-sex protagonist.
Pickrell and her colleagues were a little baffled. “Perhaps if you’re a woman reading about a girl you don’t need to process it as much to assimilate the information. For a man, there’s more processing” so the incident is more likely to become distorted in the reader’s consciousness. But, Pickrell admits, that’s only a guess. “We’re just speculating,” she says.
You can’t believe everything you read — everyone knows that. But, as this new research suggests, you can’t always believe everything you believe, either.
Jon Bowen is a frequent contributor to Salon. More Jon Bowen.
We were breast-fed really late
My mother continued to let us touch her for years after feeding stopped, and now it feels creepy and revolting
(Credit: Zach Trenholm/Salon) Dear Cary,
I don’t know how to put this any way but bluntly, so here goes. My mom let me and my brother breast-feed really, really late– until we were 4 or 5. She let us touch and play with her breasts for years after that. She never told us what sex was, and later when I found out for myself, my body changing on its own, I felt revulsion at the all-too-recent memories of how I touched, and wanted to touch, my own mother. I hated that she hadn’t stopped me.
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Cary Tennis writes Salon's advice column, leads writing workshops and creative getaways, publishes books, writes an occasional newsletter and tweets as @carytennis.
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Life is empty at the top
I've won the game. Now what?
(Credit: Zach Trenholm/Salon) Dear Cary,
I’m not exactly sure what’s wrong with me. I’m not yet 30 and have a great job, a great apartment and the freedom to do whatever I want whenever I want. I’m debt-free, travel a lot, eat out for lunch and dinner most days and buy whatever I want. I should point out that I live abroad, having moved thousands of miles away from home after college to chase something. To make a long story short, I started from scratch, built a life, worked my way up and through three jobs, with my eye always on something bigger. I built up massive credit card debt in the process, but that’s all paid off now. I’m a totally free man. In a way, I’ve achieved everything I had been working to obtain. My work is interesting and fast-paced. Family and friends admire me. I live in an exotic locale as an expat. I honestly don’t know many other people my age who are as advanced or comfortable in their careers. So many people I went to college with are still making $10 an hour, interning, or even living with their parents, not including those who are still in school pursuing a second or third advanced degree! I’m good-looking and healthy.
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Cary Tennis writes Salon's advice column, leads writing workshops and creative getaways, publishes books, writes an occasional newsletter and tweets as @carytennis.
- Send me a letter! Ask for advice! Letter writers please note: By sending a letter to advice@salon.com, you are giving Salon permission to publish it. Once you submit it, it may not be possible to rescind it. So be sure.
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My deathbed second thoughts
After my mother's death, I dedicated my life to helping people die on their own terms. Then my father got sick
(Credit: Iwona Grodzka via Shutterstock) I walk into our kitchen. My mother is standing at the kitchen sink, whistling to the red cardinals in the plumeria tree. As I hurry to slip past her, she turns and looks at me as though her gaze could wrap its arms around me. “I love you so much,” she says softly. I roll my eyes and tsk, responding as an independent 13-year-old striking out to sever the umbilical cord. My mother is cut down to silence.
Without warning, a week later my 8-year-old brother wakes me in the morning saying, “Mommy’s sick, and she’s throwing up.” I respond as I think she would and bring her a tray with cinnamon-sugar toast and orange juice. I tell her I will take my brothers down to the playground so she can sleep. When we return three hours later, her bed is empty. There is a note from a neighbor that she has taken my mother to the hospital. A neighbor comes over to stay with us while our father is with our mother in the hospital long into the night. It is a long, lonely day and night without answers. I write a letter to God trying to describe my confusion and asking God to let her come home.
Continue Reading CloseLani Leary PhD is the author of the international bestselling audiotape "Healing Hands" and served as director of mental health services at Whitman Walker AIDS clinic and as professor of Death Studies at George Mason University. More Lani Leary.
Look at my scars
The remnants of my own illness have taught me that when it comes to difference, don't stare -- but don't turn away
(Credit: Natalia Klenova via Shutterstock) “Do I freak you out?” she had asked.
It was the kind of question adults rarely pose. But Abigail (a pseudonym, like some other names in this piece) is 8, and she doesn’t have any qualms about being direct. The person she was asking, my daughter Beatrice, likewise didn’t hesitate in her reply.
Abigail is new to our school this year. She is in every way a typical second-grader, except that she was born without a left hand. It’s a trait that makes her undeniably noticeable, and so, sometimes, people ask questions. Sometimes Abigail has questions of her own. Sometimes, when you’re different, you want to know.
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Mary Elizabeth Williams is a staff writer for Salon and the author of "Gimme Shelter: My Three Years Searching for the American Dream." Follow her on Twitter: @embeedub. More Mary Elizabeth Williams.
I’m the meltdown master — I panic constantly
Since I can't afford health insurance or therapy, how do I get over my anxiety attacks?
(Credit: Zach Trenholm/Salon) Hey, Cary,
I have a problem with nerves, but no health insurance and very little money to spare for therapy, even on a sliding scale, so maybe you can give me some free insights.
Whenever I end up in any kind of remotely adversarial or stressful situation — and by adversarial, I mean something as minor as having to say no to someone for any reason — I find myself having a strong physical response. I don’t know if you could quite call it a panic attack, but my heart starts pounding, my hands and voice start shaking, and I start to sweat profusely.
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Cary Tennis writes Salon's advice column, leads writing workshops and creative getaways, publishes books, writes an occasional newsletter and tweets as @carytennis.
- Send me a letter! Ask for advice! Letter writers please note: By sending a letter to advice@salon.com, you are giving Salon permission to publish it. Once you submit it, it may not be possible to rescind it. So be sure.
- Make a comment to Cary Tennis not for publication.
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More Cary Tennis.
Page 1 of 21 in Psychology