Cancer
The menthol myth
I love those cool, fresh-tasting cigarettes but hear they are more cancerous than regular smokes. Is that true?
Dear Buzzed,
What is the difference between menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes? Is it true that menthol crystallizes in your lungs, and if so, what does this mean exactly?
Loving My Menthol
Dear Menthol Lover,
While we can’t set your mind at ease about smoking cigarettes, we can at least reassure you that the menthol in menthol cigarettes is not crystallizing in your lungs or otherwise damaging your health. There are hundreds, and perhaps thousands, of health-damaging molecules in cigarette smoke — from carbon monoxide to nicotine to formaldehyde to polycyclic hydrocarbons — that cause cancer. However, you probably don’t need to worry too much about the menthol.
Menthol is a molecule that is purified from plants of the mint family, either peppermint (Mentha piperita) or cornmint (Mentha arvensis). It has been used in products including toothpaste, cold remedies and peppermint candies for at least 100 years.
Menthol makes skin feel colder by stimulating the nerve endings that detect cold. This same cooling feeling gives the sensation of nasal decongestion, and cools the taste of burning cigarettes. Providing this feeling and a nice aroma is about all that menthol does. Although menthol is widely used in cough and cold preparations, it doesn’t do too much besides make the air smell and feel nice.
Fortunately, menthol is pretty safe. Animal studies have shown that even high doses of menthol delivered over a long time don’t cause obvious organ toxicities. Even when burned, menthol doesn’t produce carcinogens. Menthol in cigarettes is carried to the liver and degraded into harmless compounds.
So where did the myth about menthol cigarettes originate? It comes from an association between certain forms of cancer and use of menthol cigarettes. African-Americans experience much higher rates of smoking-related cancers, including lung cancers and mouth and throat cancers. They also are much more likely to smoke menthol cigarettes. (Seventy-five percent of black smokers smoke menthol cigarettes, compared with 25 percent of white smokers.)
Since the early ’90s, scientists have tried to determine whether this relationship is causal, but results have been inconclusive. While a few studies have shown that smoking menthol cigarettes in particular is associated with an increased incidence of lung cancer, most have not. Researchers considered the possibility that smokers inhale more frequently and more deeply when smoking menthol cigarettes and, as a result, take in more carcinogens.
In fact, most studies find that if there is any difference among smokers at all, those who smoke menthol cigarettes take smaller and fewer puffs of each cigarette. So if the problem isn’t menthol cigarettes, what is it? One idea is that there are racial differences in the liver’s enzymes that can deactivate cancer-causing molecules in cigarette smoke. Such differences are common, and represent a definite possibility.
While you probably don’t have to worry too much about the menthol in your cigarettes, you still have to be concerned about the other molecules in cigarettes; they certainly are not improving your health. Since you are health-conscious enough to worry about the menthol, maybe now is the time to think about trying a smoking cessation program or the nicotine patch.
Buzzed appears every Wednesday in Salon Health. Do you have a question? E-mail us at buzzed@salon.com.
Cynthia Kuhn, Ph.D., is a professor of pharmacology at Duke University Medical School and heads the Pharmacological Sciences Training Program at Duke. She is coauthor of "Buzzed: The Straight Facts About the Most Used and Abused Drugs From Alcohol to Ecstasy" and of the forthcoming book "Pumped: Straight Facts for Athletes About Drugs, Supplements and Training." More Cynthia Kuhn.
Wilkie Wilson, Ph.D., is a professor of pharmacology at Duke University Medical School. He studies how drugs affect the brain, particularly the processes of learning and memory. He is also coauthor of "Buzzed" and of the forthcoming book "Pumped." More Wilkie Wilson.
Kate Hudson’s cancer horror show
The bubbly actress's horrific movie, "A Little Bit of Heaven," turns terminal illness into a twee joke
Kate Hudson in "A Little Bit of Heaven" Ladies and gentlemen, we are gathered here today to mourn a sad loss. A luminous, unique presence who ably graced our lives and then was snuffed out far too early. A moment of silence, please, for Kate Hudson’s career.
It seems like only yesterday we were beguiled by the lively, bohemian Penny Lane in “Almost Famous.” But it’s been a painful decade since, as I know many of you gathered here can bear witness. Those of you who steadfastly supported Hudson over the years, who paid good money for “Bride Wars,” for “How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days,” for “Raising Helen,” “You Me & Dupree,” “Fool’s Gold,” “My Best Friend’s Girl,” “Alex and Emma,” “Le Divorce,” and “Something Borrowed” — you know what I’m talking about. You’re heroes for sticking around this long. That’s why it’s both tragic and necessary to come to the end of our journey now, to let her go off to a better place. The D-list. It’s called “A Little Bit of Heaven.”
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Mary Elizabeth Williams is a staff writer for Salon and the author of "Gimme Shelter: My Three Years Searching for the American Dream." Follow her on Twitter: @embeedub. More Mary Elizabeth Williams.
Lessons of a baby bucket list
Avery Lynn Canahuati accomplished a lot in her six months of life. Imagine what the rest of us can do in a lifetime
Avery Lynn Canahuati (Credit: http://averycan.blogspot.com/) What have you accomplished since November? What dreams have you fulfilled? In that time, Avery Lynn Canahuati threw out the first pitch at a baseball game, got a letter from the president and dressed up like a troll doll. She experienced deep love, and changed the lives of her family and friends. And that’s just what Canahuati got done in the first six months of her life. They were also the last.
Canahuati was born in Texas on Nov. 11. This past Good Friday, she was diagnosed with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a group of rare neuromuscular diseases that, in her case, were terminal. “We asked our doctors specifically if there is anything. Is there trial drugs, anything out of the country?” her mother, Linda, told CNN this week. So after “sitting around for two days crying and being devastated, since there is no cure and there is nothing we can do,” her father, Mike, decided to make the most of what was left of his daughter’s cruelly brief expected lifespan. Writing in Avery’s voice, he created a blog — and set a few goals.
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Mary Elizabeth Williams is a staff writer for Salon and the author of "Gimme Shelter: My Three Years Searching for the American Dream." Follow her on Twitter: @embeedub. More Mary Elizabeth Williams.
Words we had after he died
When we lost my husband to cancer, my family's world went upside down. We made sense of it the best we could
(Credit: Tinga via Shutterstock) On the day my husband died, our daughter Allison started screaming my name from her bedroom, where she’d taken refuge. I burst open the door, imagining she had hurt herself, but she was just standing there in the center of the room. “Mom. Mom,” she said. “You are a widow now. A widow. I don’t want you to be a widow. You can’t be a widow.” I had to agree: It just didn’t seem possible.
I tried to hold her, but she was hyperventilating a bit. “I’m ‘the girl whose dad died when she was 13′?” she choked out. “Oh my God. That’s who I am now. When people ask me what my dad does, or how we get along, or anything, that’s how I will have to answer: ‘My dad died when I was 13.’”
Continue Reading CloseKathleen Volk Miller is co-editor of Painted Bride Quarterly, co-director of the Drexel Publishing Group and an Associate Teaching Professor at Drexel University. She is a weekly blogger (Thursdays) for Philadelphia Magazine's Philly Post and is currently working on a collection of essays. Follow her @kvm1303. More Kathleen Volk Miller.
Look at my scars
The remnants of my own illness have taught me that when it comes to difference, don't stare -- but don't turn away
(Credit: Natalia Klenova via Shutterstock) “Do I freak you out?” she had asked.
It was the kind of question adults rarely pose. But Abigail (a pseudonym, like some other names in this piece) is 8, and she doesn’t have any qualms about being direct. The person she was asking, my daughter Beatrice, likewise didn’t hesitate in her reply.
Abigail is new to our school this year. She is in every way a typical second-grader, except that she was born without a left hand. It’s a trait that makes her undeniably noticeable, and so, sometimes, people ask questions. Sometimes Abigail has questions of her own. Sometimes, when you’re different, you want to know.
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Mary Elizabeth Williams is a staff writer for Salon and the author of "Gimme Shelter: My Three Years Searching for the American Dream." Follow her on Twitter: @embeedub. More Mary Elizabeth Williams.
Confronting cancer webcast
Full videos posted for Salon Core conversation on "coming out of the sickness closet" VIDEO
My oncologist says that whoever came up with the phrase “the gift of cancer” has the worst taste in gifts she’s ever heard of. But though it’s not exactly a set of car keys under the seat, cancer has, for the past year and a half, been the gift I’ve been given. And from an initial malignant diagnosis of melanoma through surgery through a Stage 4 rediagnosis through a last-ditch, Phase 1 clinical trial to a recovery that has stunned the research community, I’ve shared this adventure with the readers of Salon. And along the way, you’ve given so much in return. You’ve told me your own experiences with illness, with the healthcare system, with grief and frustration, and with the ways a shattering experience — either your own or that of someone you love — can turn life around. Sometimes even for the better. So it was a unique privilege to get to talk to a few of you recently for a Salon webcast, and answer your questions on life here in Cancer Town. For those of you who couldn’t make it live, videos of the full webcast are posted below.

Mary Elizabeth Williams is a staff writer for Salon and the author of "Gimme Shelter: My Three Years Searching for the American Dream." Follow her on Twitter: @embeedub. More Mary Elizabeth Williams.
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