Shakespeare

“After Shakespeare” by John Gross, ed.

Victor Hugo raised him in a s

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Some 250 years after his burial, William Shakespeare took the trouble to visit French author Victor Hugo at a Parisian seance. At first the others in attendance were perplexed that, through a planchette, Shakespeare delivered his message in perfect French. But the bard obligingly explained that, with the wisdom of age, he now found their language superior to his own — a lucky break as Hugo himself spoke no English. Then Shakespeare went on, in measured verse, to say that he read Hugo’s writing regularly up in heaven, often aloud for the benefit of the other immortals. Cervantes silenced Molière, in order to savor every last word. Aeschylus quivered, and Dante wept, at Hugo’s emotional depth. “Your voice is sacred!” Shakespeare proclaimed. “Carry on the good work!”

Few writers before or since have received such a glowing endorsement from their own mothers, let alone from the author of “Othello,” “Macbeth” and “Hamlet.” Hugo may be unique among writers in his unstinting esteem for Shakespeare, whom he liked to imagine not only in an all-star reading group with Dante and Cervantes, but also in the spiritual company of Isaiah and Saint Paul.

Shakespeare’s contemporaries were wary of lavishing too much praise, perhaps for fear of diminishing the magnitude, or undermining the endurance, of their own accomplishments. Most famously, that spirit of competition can be found in Ben Jonson’s memorial to his “beloved” colleague — prefacing the First Folio of Shakespeare’s plays — where he writes that the bard had “small Latin, and less Greek.” While the same poem also gives us the line “He was not of an age, but for all time!” that five-word jibe about Shakespeare’s shaky language skills has quietly inspired centuries of speculation that the great plays were written by a better-educated Francis Bacon, Christopher Marlowe, Edward deVere or even, on occasion, Mr. Ben Jonson.

Of course Jonson did not have our perspective on Shakespeare, our blinding reverence. His comment to players who admired their bard for never striking a line he wrote –”would he had blotted a thousand” — is of a professional bitchiness such as might be found in a feud between Paul Theroux and V.S. Naipaul, as read in the pages of the New York Review of Books, rather than the impassioned rhetoric of a man proving his mettle to other mortals by heaping insults at the foot of a deity.

That inclination, what Shakespeare scholar Harold Bloom has called “the anxiety of influence,” didn’t take hold until perhaps the next generation. Since then, as can be seen in the pages of John Gross’ delightful new anthology, “After Shakespeare,” it’s been open season. Gross’ miscellany is of the sort that few scholars have dared undertake since the 19th century, an antidote to academic tomes that throws together extracts on Shakespeare and his plays from sources as varied as the bard’s 400 years of readers. The variations are staggering, but if there’s one underlying theme, it’s the struggle writers have had in emerging from the shadow of Shakespeare’s formidable reputation.

Naturally, the first line of attack is direct insult: “I am afraid we will have no good plays now,” Oliver Goldsmith confided to a compatriot in 1762, as noted by James Boswell in his legendary “London Journal.” “The taste of the audience is spoiled by the pantomime of Shakespeare.” Ever the reporter, Boswell refrained from expressing an opinion to the contrary, but he writes that he thought Goldsmith “a most impudent puppy.”

Samuel Johnson was more direct in calling Voltaire to task; the satirist shamelessly abused Shakespeare just seven years after helping himself to material from “Macbeth” for his own 1742 tragedy, “Mahomet.” Failing to attain immortality as quickly as he hoped, Voltaire appears to have blamed Shakespeare, whose work he called “a product of the imagination of a drunken savage.” It was an outburst in which Dr. Johnson detected just another case of “the petty cavils of petty minds.”

Hardly so petty, it must be said, as Lord Byron’s snobbery. Speaking of the dead bard to a certain Lady Blessington, he contended,

“All [Shakespeare's] vulgarisms are attributed to the circumstances of his birth and breeding depriving him of a good education; hence they are to be excused, and the obscurities with which his works abound are all easily explained away by the simple statement, that he wrote about 200 years ago, and that the terms then in use are now become obsolete. With two such good excuses, as want of education, and having written above 200 years before our time, any writer may pass muster; and when to these is added the being a sturdy hind of low degree, which to three parts of the community in England has a peculiar attraction, one ceases to wonder at his supposed popularity; I say supposed, for who goes to see his plays, and who, except country parsons, or mouthing, stage-struck, theatrical amateurs, read them?”

Byron’s assault is phenomenal, almost impervious to counterattack. In order to disagree with him, one must first admit to being a reader of Shakespeare — and therefore no more qualified to hold an opinion than a country parson. As an aristocrat, Byron alone is able to brave Shakespeare’s plays without risking a loss of class. The rest of us, apparently, ought to concern ourselves with the higher calling of Lord Byron’s poetry.

Even Lady Blessington couldn’t abide Byron’s snide disdain for Shakespeare, and attempted to protect her friend from his own hubris, by insisting to readers of her memoir “Conversations” that he was just being willfully obtuse. Lest posterity question Byron’s taste, she turned his argument inside-out: “Could there be less equivocal proof of his admiration of our immortal bard,” she asked, “than the tenacity with which his mind retained the finest passages of all his works?”

Nobody, on the other hand, ever doubted that James Joyce venerated Shakespeare. That one great author should be inspired by another is to the credit of both. Yet, even as late as “Finnegans Wake,” he seems to have felt the need to keep in perspective the bard’s genius, to leave room in the culture for his own. What better way than to call Shakespeare names? In that epic pun of a book, Shakespeare becomes “Sheepskeer,” “Shaggspick” and “Scheekspair” (which, as John Gross helpfully notes, may be understood to mean “a pair of buttocks”). Joyce’s most stinging insult, though, is to substitute for Shakespeare the name “Shopkeeper:” Against the high art of Joyce’s uncompromising literature is set the crass commercialism of the man who “never blotted out a line,” a modernist trump in a game Shakespeare never even thought to play.

Joyce’s competitive spirit, though, is nothing compared to that of his fellow Irishman George Bernard Shaw, who practically went to the grave entangled in an imagined rivalry with Shakespeare. Shaw’s last dramatic work, written at the age of 92, was a puppet-play in which he and Shakespeare (named Shav. and Shakes.) bring their fight out into the open. Charitably, if not convincingly, Shaw ends it in a draw:

“Shav. … I say the world will long outlast our day.
Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow
We puppets shall replay our scene.
Meanwhile, Immortal William dead and turned to clay
May stop a hole to keep the wind away.
Oh that the earth which kept the world in awe
Should patch a wall t’expel the winter’s flaw!

Shakes. These words are mine, not thine.

Shav. Peace, jealous Bard:
We are both mortal.
For a moment suffer
My glimmering light to shine.”

Shortly after, Shaw died. Imitation being, apparently, his sincerest form of flattery.

At least Shaw had paid his dues as a playwright by the time he made Shakespeare his puppet, revising the bard’s lines. Not so, Lewis Carroll, who got his start as an impudent puppy impressively early, at the age of 13, with his 1845 “Quotation from Shakespeare with slight Improvements.” A brief excerpt:

“P[rince Hal]. … This sleep is sound indeed, this is a sleep
That from this golden rigol hath divorced
So many English —

K[ing]. What meaneth rigol, Harry?

P. My liege, I know not, save it doth enter
Most apt into the metre.

K. True, it doth.
But wherefore use a word which hath no meaning?

P. My lord, the word is said, for it hath passed
My lips, and all the powers upon this earth
Can not unsay it.”

Carroll’s technique is undeniably clever; the boy shows that he can see through Shakespeare’s artifice, playfully posing as bard at his writing-table. A stunt suitable to a precocious student, it has the potential in more experienced hands to achieve something almost profound. So it goes with Tom Stoppard’s “Dogg’s Hamlet,” in which the whole play is first reduced to 15 minutes, then, as an encore, less than half that:

“Horatio. … My lord, I saw him yesternight —
The King, your father.

Hamlet. Angels and ministers of grace defend us!
(Exit, running, through rest of speech.)
Something is rotten in the state of Denmark.

(Enter Ghost above.)

Ghost. I am thy father’s spirit.
The serpent that did sting thy father’s life
(Enter Hamlet above.)
Now wears his crown.

Hamlet. O my prophetic soul!
Hereafter I shall think to meet
To put an antic disposition on. … ”

Within the next 24 lines, Polonius, Ophelia, Gertrude, Laertes and Claudius have dutifully made their entrance, and perished. After which, it remains only to be said that:

Hamlet. The rest is silence. (Dies.)

Obviously meant in good fun, “Dogg’s Hamlet” also offers an unusually clear-sighted analysis of Shakespeare’s dramatic structure. It’s an unmasking; it demystifies one of the world’s great plays and suggests, inevitably, that Stoppard’s insight is its equal in literary merit. Stoppard’s first major theatrical work, “Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead” implies something more: Lifting two relatively minor characters from “Hamlet,” Stoppard makes them worthy of their own play, transforming their flawed morality into a full-scale philosophical inquiry. A tribute to Shakespeare, certainly, in suggesting that even his smallest characters are richly human, but Stoppard’s is also an effective strategy for a writer wishing to be seen as the bard’s next of kin.

John Updike may have had a similar idea in “Gertrude & Claudius,” his recently published prose back story to Hamlet — only, by cutting in ahead of Shakespeare chronologically, Updike preempts him in a sense: Preposterously, it’s as if Shakespeare were following in Updike’s footsteps. Updike’s prequel even shrewdly weaves in lines from the opening scenes of Hamlet, blending prose into play. “Claudius finished with Hamlet by bluntly stating — where others had been pussyfooting for years — that he did not want Hamlet to return to Wittenberg: ‘It is most retrograde to our desire.’ He relished the imperious ring of this, but softened it by beseeching his stiff nephew to bend, to stay here, in Elsinore, ‘here in the cheer and comfort of our eye, our chiefest courtier, cousin and our son.’” Updike’s method is impressive: It may be the first case ever in which Shakespeare appears to be plagiarizing himself.

So it comes full-circle. Yet, it’s doubtful that Updike has given Shakespeare any reversed anxiety of influence: Ever since Victor Hugo died, the bard’s only earthly interest has been in bringing the Broadway production of “Les Miserables” to heaven.

Jonathon Keats is an artist and writer. His collection of fables, "The Book of the Unknown: Tales of the Thirty-Six," was published this year.

How Shakespeare got me through unemployment

I was depressed and broke, but I found inspiration in an unlikely way -- reading all of the bard's plays out loud

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How Shakespeare got me through unemployment (Credit: Salon)

Three years ago, at one of the lowest moments of my life, I started doing something I never thought I’d do.  I’m reading every single play William Shakespeare ever wrote.  And I’m reading most of them aloud. From the three dour Henry VIs, through all of your Macbeths and Romeos and Hamlets, all the way to nutty Cymbeline and beyond.

I’m not a Shakespeare scholar. Or an actor. I read them as part of a Nashville Shakespeare Festival program called “Shakespeare Allowed!” which invites a group of strangers to gather at a giant square table in the downtown library and read one speech or line at a time, round-robin-style, regardless of gender or acting ability. (Others silently read along in the periphery, except during crowd scenes, when everyone homina homina hominas.) Over the years, people have tried to read lady parts in high voices (embarrassing) or French parts in French voices (disastrous) or ghost parts in, I don’t know, ghosty voices, but it never pans out. Eventually people settle down into their normal reading voices, because it’s really about the text and the simple act of reading in front of other people. It sounds as tedious as a toothache — but it’s been thrilling.

It began when I was in the midst of a particularly gruesome period of under-employment and depression, having decided to go out on my own as a freelance designer at the exact moment that the economy collapsed. It was positively, well, Shakespearean. Finding free entertainment was quite a challenge, and so one day, while flipping through an actual newspaper, I noticed an article about the Shakespeare Allowed! project and decided to go see what it was all about. I showed up at the library the first Saturday of the month and was amazed to see 40 eager people jammed into a tiny conference room, books in hand, ready to read “The Comedy of Errors.” I knew within 10 minutes that I’d be busy the first Saturday of every month.

As far back as high school, Shakespeare seemed like something I could admire but never truly love or understand. Like everyone ever born, I had to memorize and recite (disastrously, in the end) Mark Antony’s “Friends, Romans, countrymen” speech in English class, but that was about the extent of my Shakesperience. But here I was, in a roomful of everyday people, reading in their everyday voices, and as the lines flew by and the pages turned, I saw — or, rather, heard — a whole world opening up to me. Shakespeare no longer seemed impenetrable. And I had a sneaky feeling there was nothing going on in my life that he didn’t have an angle on. If I showed up every month, I’d discover them all.

The first few times I hid in the corner and read along silently. It took a few months before a freakishly low turnout forced me to sit at the grown-up table and read aloud from “The Merry Wives of Windsor.” At first, it wasn’t exactly a natural feeling, and no matter how many times I peeked ahead to see which line I’d get, the words never quite tripped off my tongue. I mangled a lot of lines. But there was no denying the thrill I felt when I managed to get to the end of a longish speech and realized there was a grin a mile wide on my face. Suddenly I wanted all the long speeches, all the big moments. From that moment on, the library would have to be on fire for me to give up my reading chair.

My unemployment dragged on for a year, half bad economy, half lack of ambition. Twelve Shakespeare plays. The very idea of having another play to read kept me going from month to month. Sure, I might not have been able to pay my mortgage or eat anything other than spaghetti for weeks on end, but once a month I could lament the loss of my Juliet and then drink a vial of poison. Or, as Henry V, I could return to England, where ne’er from France arrived more happy men. In comparison to Romeo and Prince Hal, I didn’t really have that many problems. My depression began to lift, and I started sitting at my desk more often, calling and emailing people, looking for work. Miraculously, after a few tiny freelance jobs, a client offered me a job, the one I still have today.

But still I kept going to read Shakespeare aloud. And it became clear to me that there was a debt to pay. To the Shakespeare Festival, to the library, to Shakespeare himself, for getting me through an extremely dark time. I started telling everyone within earshot about the program so that more people would come. The first year, I volunteered to work at Shakespeare in the Park over a dozen steaming Tennessee August nights (I now know “Love’s Labours Lost” by heart) and worked the crowd with my donation bucket, talking my head off about reading Shakespeare aloud. People donated money and scurried away, pointing at the grinning crazy person. The second year, finally employed, I donated more money than I’ve ever donated to any organization in my life as thanks for providing me with so much pleasure. It was the most fun I’d ever had writing a check. I didn’t even try to write it off.

The project also made me a better reader. In the beginning, I’d read and read and have no clue what I was saying; we were three-fourths of the way through “The Merchant of Venice” before I realized Shylock wasn’t the Merchant of the title.  But as we worked through the canon, I found myself discovering that the whole point of the project — to simply read the plays aloud — got me halfway to understanding the text. It was amazing how that text seeped into me without my even knowing it. While reading “King Lear,” Lear’s final death speech (“Why should a dog, a horse, a rat, have life, And thou no breath at all? Thou’lt come no more, Never, never, never, never, never!”) fell to me, and I had no idea I was even understanding it until I got to those five “nevers. ” Shakespeare didn’t give me just one to say, he gave me five. Five. Five grieving nevers, spoken by a heartbroken, dying king. To my surprise, I was in such a state of tears I almost had to pass the rest of the speech to the person next to me. After that, I was known as “the guy who cried.” When, almost inevitably, Mark Antony’s ”Friends, Romans, countrymen …” speech came my way, I repeated half of it from memory, having kept it stored somewhere after my fumbled high school recitation. I had no idea I still remembered it, but there I was, riding the unforgettable bicycle of Shakespeare.

We read the last play — “The Two Noble Kinsmen” — last month. This weekend, we’ll meet at the library for catered hors d’oeuvres and we’ll talk about the plays that pleased and surprised us (“Merchant” and “Pericles,” which would get staged more often if people knew it was full of pirates and zombie princesses) and the ones we were puzzled by (“Timon of Athens,” “All’s Well That Ends Well”). We’ll probably be a little sad and a lot smug. Then we’ll all separate and go home and flip the calendar to January, and mark the first Saturday of the month, when Shakespeare Allowed! begins all over again with “Henry VI, Part 1.” Three more years of mistaken identities, jealous rages and brooding Danes. I’ll be there reading the plays again, with a funny little group of misfit toys who’ve all managed to find this one thing we all adore, for all different reasons. I love having a job now, but I’ll never take a job that keeps me from my perpetual Saturday noon dates. Shakespeare saved my life, and I owe him that much.

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Joss Whedon takes on Shakespeare

The "Buffy" genius announces a modern "Much Ado About Nothing" -- and fans go nuts

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Joss Whedon takes on Shakespeare (Credit: muchadothemovie.com)

Maybe it’s atonement for “The Avengers.” On Sunday night, actors Nathan Fillion and Sean Maher, along with costume designer Shawna Trpcic, cryptically tweeted a link to a Web page featuring a photo of Fillion toting a martini glass, somewhere in the middle of a lake. The image announced the completion of a new movie from Joss Whedon, the genius whose “Buffy the Vampire Slayer,” “Angel,” “Dr. Horrible’s Sing-Along Blog,” “Firefly” and, to a lesser extent, “Dollhouse” are the very definition of awesome to nerds everywhere. According to the clues, the film stars a veritable who’s who of Whedon alums. And it’s “based on a play.” A Shakespeare play. Oh God. Ohmigod. Then on Monday, Bellwether Pictures officially announced Whedon’s “Much Ado About Nothing.” That thud you heard was everybody in America with a liberal arts degree fainting dead in excitement.

It seemed so perfect, so beyond the dreams of every vampire-loving, space-cowboy wannabe and iambic-pentameter aficionado (and we are legion, people), that the whole thing struck many as an elaborate prank. Nathan Fillion as Dogberry? Really? It’s not even our birthday! But after much checking of calendars to make sure this is not the first day of April, fans are slowly switching from guarded skepticism to slavering anticipation. It’s real, all right. The filmmakers promise that the movie, a modern take on the original opposites attract rom-com, “should be completed by early spring and headed for the festival circuit” — because “it is fancy.”

The film is the first production from Bellwether, a “micro-studio” created by Whedon and Kai Cole for “small, independent narratives for all media.” Whedon told Entertainment Weekly Monday that after wrapping up the A-list, Marvel blockbuster-to-be “The Avengers,” he and his wife had planned a nice long vacation. “And she said, ‘Let’s not take the vacation. Make a movie instead.” For the guy who whipped up the Emmy-winning “Dr. Horrible” as a distraction during the writer’s strike, sure, why not?

Shot in just 12 days, “Much Ado” appears to be the greatest Whedon cast reunion ever. Amy Acker is the tart-tongued Beatrice, while Alexis Denisof plays her so-wrong-he’s-right sparring partner Benedick. It’s the Fred and Wesley payoff “Angel” fans have been waiting years for. “Dollhouse” vets Fran Kranz and Reed Diamond are the easily duped Claudio and the wise Don Pedro. “Firefly’s” Sean Maher is the scheming Don John, and even Tom Lenk (“Buffy’s” sweetest bad guy ever) is on board. Newcomer Jillian Morgese plays the beautiful, besmirched Hero.

The idea of Whedon — a guy very comfortable in the milieu of superheroes and butt-kicking — taking on the Bard might initially seem a little … unexpected. But Whedon has brilliantly articulated his regard for “strong women” throughout his career. And they don’t come much stronger than Beatrice, a woman who, unlike Shakespeare’s famous shrew Kate, never gets emotionally abused into submission. The big themes of Shakespeare – family, sex, betrayal, violence and clever wordplay – they are all over Whedon’s body of work. As he told the Hollywood Reporter, “The text is to me a deconstruction of the idea of love, which is ironic, since the entire production is a love letter — to the text, to the cast, even to the house it’s shot in.” Whedon filmed the entire production on his own grounds.

The glory of Shakespeare – and the glory of Whedon – is the depth of passion so beautifully evident in their work, a devotion that’s both touching and deeply inspiring. Whedon, surely the hardest working God among the Comic-Con crowd, told EW that “You make the time and you make it work if you really, really want it.” Desire. Perseverance. Ultimate triumph. Who doesn’t love a story with a happy ending?

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Mary Elizabeth Williams

Mary Elizabeth Williams is a staff writer for Salon and the author of "Gimme Shelter: My Three Years Searching for the American Dream." Follow her on Twitter: @embeedub.

“The Tragedy of Arthur”: Shakespeare or not?

An ingenious new novel -- presenting itself as a long-lost work of the bard -- comes with a whopping disclaimer

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Arthur Phillips

Arthur Phillips may or may not resent Shakespeare; it’s hard to say for sure. But “Arthur Phillips” certainly does bear a grudge against the bard. Phillips is the author of four novels, including the sparkling debut, “Prague,” and Arthur is a character in the most recent of them, “The Tragedy of Arthur.” Arthur shares much of his creator’s history: He’s also the author of a novel titled “Prague” and has the same editor, agent and publicist as the real-life Phillips. But presumably the real Phillips is not the son of a small-time con man and the reluctant editor of a play experts have anointed as a long-lost work by Shakespeare.

As a rule, I’m leery of novels in which one of the characters has the same name as the author. Once upon a time, this seemed a clever gambit, calling attention to (among other things) the too-common tendency for readers to confuse novelists with their creations. By now, however, it’s gotten a bit stale, and provokes many readers into rolling their eyes and muttering darkly about “postmodern tricks.”

Nevertheless, “The Tragedy of Arthur” earns an exemption from such skepticism. This is a novel about authorship — real, false and contested — yet it’s far from the sort of arch and arid exercise in formalist tail-swallowing that most people think of when they refer to “postmodern tricks.” The novel is, indeed, a tragedy of authorship, but it is also the story of a man whose self-inflicted, tragicomic woes are as affecting and wincingly believable as those endured by the hero of any conventional fiction. That Arthur’s spectacular crash-and-burn comes nestled in a web of ingenious and very funny literary allusions only makes it that much more of a treat.

Here’s the premise: Arthur’s narration is the introduction to the play, which makes up the final third of the novel (and is a fine Shakespearean pastiche). Although he once (briefly) believed it to be genuine, he’s now convinced it was forged by his father (also named Arthur Phillips) — no matter what forensic and literary scholars say to the contrary. Trapped in an elaborate legal snare that makes it impossible for him to withdraw the thing from publication, Arthur has, however, retained the right to force his disillusioned introduction into the book and to bicker in the footnotes with the scholarly editor retained by his publisher.

Fuming, Arthur explains how he found himself in this excruciating situation. He describes an early childhood of idyllic companionship with his twin sister, Dana, and his charming father, who beguiles him with a telescope that shows people on Saturn looking back at the boy with their own telescopes. Later, he enlists both children in creating bogus crop circles in a farmer’s field. The father portrays his deceits as a campaign to replenish “the world’s vanishing faith in wonder,” but since he also applies his forgery skills to making a living, he ends up doing several stints in jail, breaking his daughter’s heart, ruining his marriage and enraging his son.

“I loved him without reservations until reservations were required,” Arthur explains, but the truth is a bit more complicated. Even before the first arrest, he was jealous of the bond between his father and his sister, cemented by their shared adoration of Shakespeare, a writer who leaves Arthur cold. Every so often, the disgruntled son takes a break from his narrative to rant about bardolatry, which he derides as “a trick of perspective, a rolling boulder of PR, a general cowardliness in us, a desire for heroes and easy answers,” and it must be said that some of his jibes deliver palpable hits. Does Shakespeare epitomize what we find great in literature, Arthur asks, or have we cut our conception of greatness to fit his form because we want so badly to believe that “one guy had it all”?

And now a word about the extracurricular attractions of “The Tragedy of Arthur.” Surely the modern world’s most extravagant bardolater is Yale professor Harold Bloom, who, as Arthur puts it, “traveled all the way to the maximalist and insane thesis that Shakespeare invented how people now live, communicate and think.” What Arthur doesn’t explain is that Bloom is perhaps most famous for “The Anxiety of Influence,” a book that advanced the theory that every great writer is locked in an oedipal struggle with the great writers of the previous generation and that these competitive feelings fuel artistic inspiration. Arthur is no exception. “You’re the first person ever to suffer from a double oedipal complex,” is how Dana puts it. “And one of your dads is four hundred years old.”

But if the fictional Arthur fantasizes about surpassing Shakespeare, the real-life Phillips has a different artistic daddy in mind, a writer whose name is never mentioned in “The Tragedy of Arthur,” although he is referred to once, obliquely. Phillips’ novel is, of course, a tribute to Vladimir Nabokov’s “Pale Fire,” which takes the form of an annotated long poem that is eventually submerged in the ravings of its demented and homicidal editor. Phillips’ Nabokovian flourishes are on ample display in “The Tragedy of Arthur,” as when he compares a snail to an “ornate, restless 2″ or worries that his father’s forgery will find favor with an academic champion, “some tenure-famished conniver ready to authenticate to make a name.”

But I’ll stop there, for fear that this will come to resemble Mary McCarthy’s famous review of “Pale Fire,” a piece titled “A Bolt From the Blue,” that is — in my opinion — over-celebrated. The review consists almost entirely of a listing of Nabokov’s literary references, and amounts to little more than McCarthy showing off her parochial-school erudition. (Literary critics, too — even the female ones! — have their oedipal grudges.)

Besides, you don’t need to know all this for “The Tragedy of Arthur” to work as a novel about a man whose refusal to believe that he is sufficiently loved causes him to alienate the people who really do love him. Like a lot of us, Arthur half-recognizes what he’s doing, but just can’t stop himself. “I refused to resemble my father in any way,” is how he describes his attitude at one crucial juncture, and of course that’s exactly whom he ends up resembling. There’s irony in that, but not the facile, sterile irony that many people think of when they talk about postmodern tricks. Instead, this is the hard-earned irony of lived experience, and if it sometimes laughs, that doesn’t mean it hasn’t known its share of tears.

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Laura Miller

Laura Miller is a senior writer for Salon. She is the author of "The Magician's Book: A Skeptic's Adventures in Narnia" and has a Web site, magiciansbook.com.

The Shakespeare film canon

Slide show: In the wake of "The Tempest," we look at the must-see movie adaptations of the Bard's best-known plays

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The Shakespeare film canon

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“The girls today in society Go for classical poetry, So to win their hearts one must quote with ease Aeschylus and Euripides. But the poet of them all Who will start ‘em simply ravin’ Is the poet people call The bard of Stratford-on-Avon.” – “Brush Up on Your Shakespeare,” from “Kiss Me, Kate.”

In honor of the release of what must be the 265 millionth adaptation of a Shakespeare play, Julie Taymor’s version of “The Tempest,” we’ve put together a list of memorable Shakespeare adaptations for film and television. Because the playwright is infinitely adaptable, we’ve divided each slide into two categories: “Traditional” and “Wild Card.” The former refers to an adaptation that sticks somewhat close to the original story, characterizations and language (although the setting might have been changed or “updated”). “Wild Card” refers to an adaptation that takes a particular Shakespeare play as a jumping-off point, then does its own thing.

If we’ve omitted any obvious candidates — or neglected major Shakespeare plays that you believe have been filmed in enough varied ways to have merited their own slide — tell us in the comments. And rest assured that the author will cop to any grievous error of judgment or fact. “Oftentimes excusing of a fault doth make the fault the worse by the excuse.”  — William Shakespeare, “King John.”

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“The Tempest”: Helen Mirren’s sadly elegant mom-magician

Director Julie Taymor makes Prospero female -- but fails to shed new light on Shakespeare's much-dissected play

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Ben Whishaw and Helen Mirren in "The Tempest"

It’s difficult, but not impossible, to wreck a Shakespeare play completely, and if there’s a reason to be grateful for Julie Taymor’s muddled, middling production of “The Tempest,” it lies in the fact that she doesn’t do that. A wizard of the Broadway stage who created the long-running “Lion King” musical (and the now-previewing Spider-Man musical), Taymor has what you might call a mixed record as a film director: I mean, everything she makes is a mixed bag. (Her last two movies were the Beatles musical “Across the Universe” in 2007, and the biopic “Frida” five years earlier. Make sense of that, if you can.) This is her second big-screen attack on the Bard, and it’s a whole lot friendlier than her gory, deranged “Titus” from a decade ago.

Which is not to say it’s, like, amazing or anything. Taymor approaches Shakespeare’s last play (unless it isn’t; that issue, like everything else about the greatest dramatist of the English tradition, is disputed) with great respect, staying largely true to its impressive text and general narrative outline. Her interpretations and interpolations range from brilliant to indifferent to extremely silly; as Taymor surely knows, there’s nothing especially revolutionary in asking Helen Mirren to play the central role of Prospera (i.e., Prospero), the deposed duke/duchess of Milan turned white-magic practitioner. (Vanessa Redgrave played a gender-neutral Prospero on the London stage 10 years ago.) What it does get you is, well, Helen Mirren performing one of Shakespeare’s most complicated characters, which can make up for a lot of other problems.

The thing about “The Tempest” is that there’s almost no way to bring something new to this tremendously allegorical and ambiguous play, which is highly self-conscious and very much unlike anything else Shakespeare wrote — is it a comedy? a romance? a “masque”? — and may be the most reinterpreted, overanalyzed and deconstructed literary work in the Western tradition. Since the play was first performed in the 17th century, viewers have seen Prospero’s final decision to abjure his “rough magic” and break his staff as a metaphor for Shakespeare’s own decision to end his playwriting career. More recently, Prospero’s relationship with Ariel, his “airy spirit” servant, and Caliban, his deformed, island-born slave, have been understood in terms of colonial and/or psychoanalytic theory: love/hate, black/white, North/South, ego/Id.

I suppose in offering a traditional rendering, or nearly so — it’s set on an island, with characters more or less in Elizabethan dress, Ariel (Ben Whishaw) as a naked holographic sprite and Caliban (Djimon Hounsou) as a near-naked, mud-encrusted African — Taymor is allowing us to pick up the story and run in whichever direction we choose. But I can’t help wishing this “Tempest” had more of a distinctive personality. Instead, it waxes and wanes with its cast, some of whom are fully up to the task posed by Shakespearean dialogue and some of whom just aren’t.

Hounsou gives a powerful physical performance, but simply can’t be understood speaking Caliban’s difficult blank verse about half the time. It’s no good being a proto-Frantz Fanon colonial rebel if we can’t make out what you’re trying to say. (He’s better when quieter, as when reassuring newcomers: “Be not afraid, the isle is full of noises/ Sounds, and sweet airs, that give delight and hurt not.”) Felicity Jones and Reeve Carney, as the young lovers Miranda and Ferdinand, are merely dull. Some of the best scenes in the movie involve stage veterans like David Strathairn, Chris Cooper and Alan Cumming, playing the nefarious if subsidiary trio of King Alonso of Naples, Prospera’s brother Antonio and the Iago-lite Sebastian.

If you’ve seen the trailers, you’ll know that English comedian and not-quite movie star Russell Brand shows up as the buffoonish Trinculo, playing him as yet another of Brand’s Cockney rock-star caricatures. Thing is, that fits pretty well with the dimwit character, who briefly becomes — along with his drunken buddy Stephano (Alfred Molina) — an instrument in Caliban’s planned insurrection against Prospera’s rule. Those enjoyments aside, this “Tempest” is all about Mirren, who plays the aging female mage with a mixture of conqueror’s arrogance and motherly sadness, lending her final words about the rebellious Caliban — “this thing of darkness I acknowledge mine” — a tragic ambivalence. (She does not call him a “demi-devil” and “bastard” in the same breath, as Prospero does in the play.)

Lovely as it is to hear Mirren read some of the most challenging lines ever written in our language, Prospero does not look, to our eyes, like an entirely sympathetic figure (not that he necessarily did 400 years ago either), and making him female does not relieve him of the white man’s burden. Ultimately Taymor’s reading of “The Tempest” is more dutiful than exciting, and it’s strangely bereft of the visual imagination and diabolical machinery for which her theatrical productions are known. Perhaps more than any other Shakespeare play, this one has evaded successful translation from stage to screen. Derek Jarman’s homoerotic reimagining from 1980 and Paul Mazursky’s lightweight modern-language version made two years later are all but forgotten. I admire Peter Greenaway’s “Prospero’s Books” for what it is, which is a self-referential digital art project using Shakespeare’s text as one of its elements (along with lots of naked flesh). But none of those films really comes close to capturing the dense and nettlesome mysteries of “The Tempest,” and this earnest effort doesn’t either. Is “Forbidden Planet,” the 1950s sci-fi reworking, with Robbie the Robot as Ariel and an invisible, perhaps imaginary Caliban, still the best movie version?

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