Music

He fought the law (and the law won)

It was great to have Joe Strummer back, even if he sold "London Calling" to Jaguar. Now he's gone, reminding us that rock doesn't matter anymore.

  • more
    • All Share Services

He fought the law (and the law won)

Now more than ever, rock music could use a Joe Strummer.

Just three years after emerging from record-label purgatory and reviving his decade-dormant career, Strummer is gone again, having succumbed to a heart attack Dec. 22 at only 50 years of age. But his role and legacy — the uncompromising firebrand who stakes it all on the transformative power of rock ‘n’ roll and its promise to change the world — is a conspicuous void begging to be filled.

As the music industry collapses under the weight of its own avarice and mediocrity — not just the suits, but the artists and patrons as well — the drums of war pound ominously, homeland security reads like Orwell, and the environment is once again available at discount rates. The time is ripe for an artist or group to emerge that actually matters.

Which is something Strummer and his old band knew a thing or two about: “We were all waiting for a group to come along who at least went through the motions of GIVING A DAMN about SOMETHING,” the critic Lester Bangs wrote 25 years ago. “Ergo, the Clash.”

In fact, during their heyday in the late ’70s and early ’80s, the Clash was often billed as “the only band that matters.” Strummer, born John Mellor, the son of a British foreign service clerk, was the heart, conscience and primary lyricist for the Clash. The group took the nihilistic rants and musical simplicity of early punk and channeled it into a broad, open-minded music palette and political slate that embraced a spectrum of radical leftist causes without ever losing their punk anger, energy or DIY edge.

Strummer’s agitprop was delivered in an urgent street patois that found endless fodder in the domestic and foreign policies of conservative ideologues like Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan, though hypocrites and despots of all stripes were fair game. Years before Enron and WorldCom — before Michael Milken and junk bonds, even — Strummer had turned his withering gaze on corporate life, as in “Midnight Log,” from the three-album set “Sandinista”:

“Cooking up the books/ A respected occupation/ The anchor and foundation/ Of the multi corporations/ They don’t believe in crime/ They know that it exists/ To understand what’s right and wrong/ The lawyers work in shifts …”

Hardcore political protest music — as opposed to the cultural protests of most ’60s bands — had largely been the purview of polite coffee-house folkies with acoustic guitars; the Clash’s music was Us vs. Them cranked to 11, and it never sounded or looked so good.

“The Clash are now so good they will be changing rock ‘n’ roll simply by addressing themselves to the form, and so full of the vision implied by their name they will be dramatizing certain possibilities of risk and passion merely by taking a stage,” Greil Marcus wrote early in the Clash’s career.

But as an iconic figure, and a vocal one at that, Strummer also epitomized the inherent contradictions — some would say futility — of rock ‘n’ roll as rebellious act. Some British punk purists cited the day that the Clash signed with CBS in January 1977 as “the day punk died.” In time, the band’s love of Situationist slogans and radical propaganda often obscured the message and drifted the band toward self-parody. Despite railing against the excesses of the left, too, Strummer had no moral qualms about adopting a “terrorist chic” fashion sense for the Clash.

But the greatest irony may have been inherent in the nature of the vehicle with which they chose to broadcast their message. The band’s biggest hit, “Rock the Casbah,” decried the oil-sponsored madness in the Middle East — yet wound up as the theme song for American troops smart-bombing overmatched Iraqis during Desert Storm.

The Clash’s “commitment to making political pop culture was the defining mark of the British punk movement,” fellow traveler Billy Bragg eulogized after Strummer’s death. “They were also a self-mythologizing, style-obsessed mass of contradictions … no one struggled more manfully with the gap between the myth and the reality of being a spokesman for your generation than Joe Strummer.”

Largely at Strummer’s behest, the Clash did their best to live up to the ideals they espoused. Their double and triple albums sold at single-disc prices, the band taking huge cuts in royalties to make it happen. The band was the driving force behind the hugely successful Rock Against Racism movement in London. On a less publicized but telling level, Clash fans (and not just the female ones) were regularly invited to share the group’s hotel suites, and Strummer on several occasions clashed with beefy security guards to safeguard the fans or ensure their right to dance.

Musically, the band — Strummer on rhythm guitar, splitting the lead vocals and songwriting with lead guitarist Mick Jones, whose pop sensibility would eventually drive him out of the band; Paul Simonon on bass and Topper Headon (and/or Terry Chimes) on drums — really practiced what it preached. Their debut album was chock-full of searing hot punk anthems strong enough to rival those of the Sex Pistols, but it was the reggae-influenced “White Man in Hammersmith Palais,” together with their cover of Junior Murvin’s “Police & Thieves,” that separated the Clash from their punk brethren and hinted at the band’s potential.

“The main thing in town was reggae,” Strummer told the British magazine Uncut in 1999. “It was a total obsession. There was this attitude that this stuff was too good to ruin. That was the ethos — ‘No one is going to ruin this stuff by covering it.’ … But it must have taken big balls to do it at the time.”

When the band’s two-album masterpiece, London Calling,” was released, critics and fans alike reveled in the amazing mix of styles, and the expertise with which the band played. Even the staid Rolling Stone cast its vote with the Clash, later proclaiming “London Calling” the best album of the ’80s. The record, wrote the magazine’s editors, was “an emergency broadcast from rock’s Last Angry Band, serving notice that Armageddon was nigh, Western society was rotten at the core, and rock & roll needed a good boot in the rear.”

Careening between reggae, rock, rhythm and blues, ska, rockabilly, punk and even jazz, “London Calling” — and the three-disc set that followed, “Sandinista,” even more so — was the work of a band in love with musical possibilities, not units sold. Later, during their historic 15-day run at Bonds in Times Square in 1980, the band tried (unsuccessfully) to introduce their fans to the new sound, a then-local phenomenon called rap, by having Grandmaster Flash open some of the shows.

“We weren’t parochial, we weren’t narrow-minded, we weren’t little Englanders,” Strummer said in “Westway to the World,” the recent documentary on the Clash. “At least we had the suss to embrace what we were presented with, which was the world in all its weird varieties.”

There was a certain Cold War ethos to the Clash which they happily fed off, and were it not for the excellence of their music, it might have made them a dated artifact, the musical equivalent of a brick from the Berlin Wall or Country Joe McDonald spelling F-U-C-K at Woodstock. But the primary subjects of Strummer’s songs with the Clash — injustice, poverty, and war — didn’t disappear when the band broke up (after “Cut the Crap” in 1986) or the Wall came down.

But putting aside the activism of artists like U2′s Bono and REM’s Michael Stipe, political dissent is today virtually nonexistent anywhere near mainstream rock. Rage Against the Machine lacked the musical sophistication, subtlety or wit to make a difference while bludgeoning their fans with left-wing propaganda. The Manic Street Preachers don’t have the versatility or chops to draw much attention to their message. Bragg is too bloody British — and too busy resuscitating the legend of another musical revolutionary, Woody Guthrie — to reach a big audience. Alleged renegades like alt-country’s Steve Earle, whose recent album “Jerusalem” offers a few relatively tame vignettes about the Middle East and John Walker Lindh, represent the extent of protest music on the rock scene.

And even the Strummer that emerged from a decade of musical limbo was a kinder, gentler version of the earlier battle-scarred campaigner; Strummer lite, if you will. On the two records made with his new group, the Mescaleros — “Rock Art and the X-Ray Style” and “Global a Go-Go” — Strummer was more concerned with promoting international brotherhood through music than with tearing down the status quo. The same sense of experimentation was there, only this time combining techno/dance beats with his more traditional interest in world music and the old standbys: rockabilly, reggae and rock ‘n’ roll.

Both records met with relatively positive reviews, though the musical blend was hardly revolutionary. Even if the firebrand Strummer had mellowed, it was good to have him back in any form whatever. Then of course there was the Jaguar ad.

On a recent Sunday, flipping between National Football League games, the familiar opening chords of the title cut from “London Calling” — is there a stronger album opener in all of music? — reverberated through living rooms across America. A spit-take later came an ad for Jaguar motorcars, filmed on a London street, announcing to the world that the British carmaker was selling its high-end autos here in the States to those sophisticated enough to recognize the brilliance of its automotive tradition. Once, those chords alluded to the decline of Western civilization and the coming apocalypse; now they were hawking an advanced suspension system and a hushed, leather interior.

There’s nothing wrong with an artist selling his work to make a living; in an age when the radio conglomerate Clear Channel Communications — in de facto collusion with the record executives and marketers — basically determines what gets played on the radio, it’s becoming more common for artists to use the TV commercial as a way to get exposure. But even though the Clash had, years earlier, sold Jones’ hit “Train in Vain” to Levi’s for a denim jeans promotion, there was still something fundamentally disturbing about “London Calling” appearing in an ad. On the Mescaleros’ Web site, Strummer defended the band’s decision in a Q&A:

“Q: ‘London Calling’ has been recently used to advertise Jaguar cars in the U.S.

“Strummer: Yeah, I agreed to that. We get hundreds of requests for that and turn ‘em all down. But I just thought Jaguar … yeah. If you’re in a group and you make it together, then everyone deserves something. Especially 20-odd years after the fact. It just seems churlish for a writer to refuse to have their music used on an advert and so I figured out, only advertise the things you think are cool. That’s why we dissed Coors and Miller. We’ve turned down loads of money. Millions over the years. But sometimes you have to earn a bit, so everybody gets some.

“Q: There’s no feeling of compromise, doing this? “Strummer: Well, putting your music to an advert is a compromise. But a good advert with cool music can turn on a lot of people. I know that when I’m watching TV and you get a good ad, it’s an up.

“Q: We were getting e-mails saying it was a dubious thing to be doing.

“Strummer: Yeah, well you’ll always get that. They should realize that we didn’t sell loads of records back then.”

While Strummer’s reasoning was perfectly sound, there’s little doubt that the Strummer of 1977 would have blanched at such rationalizations and probably skewered them in song. Now it just points to the need for a new torch bearer, another young, smart idealist creative enough to revitalize rock ‘n’ roll and use it as a force for change. Someone’s going have to shake the music industry out of its doldrums, and one place to start is to question the very paradigm on which it is based. As long as the profit motive fuels the “industry” — and again, we’re not just talking about the suits — there may never be another band that matters.

John Schacht writes about music for Paste Magazine, Swizzle-Stick.com, Musicomet.com and the Charlotte, N.C., weekly Creative Loafing.

Trust me on this: David Bowie’s “Hunky Dory”

The Old 97's singer credits Bowie's brilliant "Hunky Dory" for rescuing his adolescence and inspiring his career

  • more
    • All Share Services

Trust me on this: David Bowie's (Credit: Benjamin Wheelock)
This is the second story in the Trust Me On This series, which runs through Father's Day. You can read the other entries here.

Dear Kiddos,

Hey, you turkeys. Listen up. I need you to listen for five minutes. I’m going to impart a little wisdom. You can take it or leave it. For what it’s worth, I’d rather you took it.

The advice is this: David Bowie’s “Hunky Dory” is a perfect album, and, since perfect albums are a rare commodity, it is worthy of deep and repeated listenings.

I’m listening to “Hunky Dory” as I write this. How many times have I listened to this, my favorite record? Like a million? And it never gets old.

I discovered “Hunky Dory” by accident. I was a sad, lonely little kid. Eleven years old and obsessed with Joan Jett, another artist I imagine you kids would enjoy. Back then, the radio was still a real thing that people listened to, believed in and learned from. I stayed up past my bedtime one Saturday night during the Christmas holiday to listen to a weekly show called “The King Biscuit Flower Hour” featuring a concert by my secret girlfriend, Joan Jett. At the end of the set, she played a cover of a song that would forever change the course of my budding musical tastes, “Rebel Rebel.” As it turned out, “Rebel Rebel” would never be one of my favorite Bowie tunes, but I could detect, within its lyric, a narrative voice to which I could relate. Like really relate.

I was a latchkey kid, a thing that no longer exists. Both of my parents worked, so every weekday after school, I had a few hours wherein I could do whatever the heck I wanted. What I usually wanted to do was go to Half Price Books & Records. The next Monday, released from the grim confines of Armstrong Elementary, I walked to Half Price where I found exactly one David Bowie album. I brought home “Hunky Dory,” marveling at its weird, androgynous cover. In those pre-Internet days, one was always left with questions. Is that David Bowie on the album cover? Is that person a guy or a lady? Is it a painting or some sort of artsy photo? Is this even rock ‘n’ roll, or is it some other kind of music, the name of which has been kept a secret from me?

It was just that, some other, new kind of music. New to me, anyway. This album, recorded when I had been less than a year old, opened doors for me. And I thought I caught a glimpse of my own future. My family’s house on Gillon Avenue was empty when the needle dropped on Side A. “Changes,” turned up to top volume, was my anthem from the first line of the first verse. “Still don’t know what I was waiting for,” indeed. This was what I had been waiting for. Putting up with all the cruel dullards in my grade school, all the teachers and coaches, all the stupid kids and mean adults, had been almost unbearable. Suddenly, I wasn’t alone.

“Hunky Dory” is not a kids’ record, but there is certainly a preponderance of imagery relating to childhood. “Changes” speaks of “these children that you spit on.” “Oh You Pretty Things” has the song’s object driving his “mama and papa insane.” In “Kooks,” the singer begs his own kid to stay, reassuring the lucky little guy that “we believe in you.” At the time, I needed to hear that sentiment.  I went back to it over and over again throughout the difficult years of adolescence. David Bowie was not my dad, but he was there in a pinch.

As the album goes on, it gets weirder. And deeper. And darker. “Quicksand” offers up an epic take on the human experience, turning on a phrase that would echo dangerously throughout those most perilous years of my youth, “knowledge comes with death’s release.” I didn’t understand, but I did understand, if you catch my drift. These were meditations on the difficulty of everyday life, and the insane nature of our very existence. Heavy, beautiful stuff.

Antidotes appear in the record’s latter portion. “Happiness is happening/dragons have been bled … fear’s just in your head,” Bowie proclaims in the goofy-but-right-on “Fill Your Heart.” Then he proceeds to introduce the listener to Andy Warhol and Bob Dylan. And then comes “Queen Bitch,” wherein we meet Bowie’s longtime foil, the most underrated guitarist in rock history, Mick Ronson. The riff in “Queen Bitch” hints at what is to come on Bowie’s next LP, “The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders From Mars,” Bowie’s breakthrough album, but “Hunky Dory” is still pre-fame Bowie at his folkie best.

Finally, he leaves us with the epic poem that is “Bewlay Brothers.” As an 11-year-old, I played it repeatedly in an attempt to decipher this song’s meaning. I wrote out the lyrics in my journal, hoping to make sense of them. To no avail. I did know that something had gone horribly wrong, there was madness and sadness, and then the record was over. Just like that.

Again and again, I listened. Memorized. Marveled. Sang along. When I could take it no longer, I found a guitar teacher and learned how to do these things myself. Well, not exactly these things, but my own version thereof. My early songs were such a pale imitation of early-’70s Bowie, that I could have been sued — had anyone ever heard my early songs. It’s quite possible that I spent the whole of my teenage years singing with an English accent. As they say, mistakes were made.

I never got over Bowie. Especially “Hunky Dory.” Many of his other records have remained favorites: “Low,” “Ziggy Stardust,” “Station to Station.” But “Hunky Dory” was my first love. I caught a lot of grief for my borderline-obsessive Bowie fandom. Kids at school used it as ammunition in their attacks on my masculinity. Did I care? Sure. Did I care enough to throw Bowie under the bus and pretend to withdraw my admiration for this artist who set me on the path I knew I was destined to follow? Hell no. David Bowie was and is my hero.

Listen, kids: I want you to hear “Hunky Dory” because I think you will love it. Like I said, it’s a perfect record, and how often do those come along? But the real reason I want you to listen to “Hunky Dory” is because, in its 11 tracks, you will find the clues that will lead you to an understanding of me, your dad. You’ll see signposts pointing the way to the path I chose in life.

Making music for a living isn’t easy. Many things about it are tough as hell: The touring and its requisite absences; the self-absorption; the occasional financial insecurity; the mood swings one attributes to the “artistic personality.” This life, however, is what I was made for. This calling is the only one I’ve ever known. I’m not curing cancer or solving the global hunger crisis. I’m making music. But there is a certain hazy nobility in that vocation. Somewhere, an 11-year-old kid may be putting on an album of mine and discovering that the universe isn’t a meaningless jumble of coincidences, that there is purpose to be found in these three-minute constructions of music and lyrics. Some small but elegant meaning.

Heck, before you guys came along, that was all I had. The great thing is that now I have everything.

Continue Reading Close

Rhett Miller is the lead singer of the Old 97s. His latest solo album, "The Dreamer," will be released on June 5.

Illustrating the ’60s music revolution

How one book captured the spirit and art of the cultural transformation -- as it was happening

  • more
    • All Share Services

Illustrating the '60s music revolution
This article originally appeared on Imprint.

Imprint“When did music become so important?” That’s Don Draper from last week’s “Mad Men,” set in 1966. Later in the episode he turns off “Tomorrow Never Knows,” from the Beatles album “Revolver,” and walks out of the room.

art: Rick Griffin

There’s something happening here, but you don’t know what it is — do you, Mr. Draper? One year later, Rolling Stone magazine will make its debut, followed soon by “Rock and Other Four Letter Words.”

“Rock,” a 250-plus-page Bantam paperback, was published in January 1968 and subtitled “Music of the Electric Generation.” It was one of the first books of its kind, chronicling a cultural revolution that was still in the midst of its own creation. Crammed with black-and-white portraits of bands and musicians, it’s part oral history, part visual LSD trip. One of its fold-out spreads has an intricate, circuitlike diagram that connects over a hundred names, from the Butterfield Blues Band, the Beach Boys, and the Byrds to Busby Berkeley, Brubeck and Bach.

The editor-designer was a writer named J Marks. The photographer for most of the images was Linda Eastman, who went on to work for Rolling Stone and — oh, yes — marry Paul McCartney.

By the sheer force of its graphic presentation, ”Rock and Other Four Letter Words” conveys the mid-1960s music scene’s spirit, vitality and relevance.

 

Continue Reading Close

Protest music’s odd conservative turn

A 100-track, four-CD Occupy collection assembles generations of icons. So why does it sound shapeless and safe?

  • more
    • All Share Services

Protest music's odd conservative turn

“In this hour of the ever-changing season, may our tears not douse the fire in our hearts.”

That’s a guy named Michael Pless singing “Something’s Got to Give.” Even without hearing the song, you can surely imagine the essential elements: Plaintive acoustic strumming, an earnest vocal, and an air of polite outrage to match the stilted syntax and hoary platitudes. Welcome to “Occupy This Album,” the collection of protest-minded songs released by Occupy Wall Street. Sprawling across four CDs and a slew of bonus digital tracks, this behemoth set includes 100 (why not 99?) new and previously released tracks from artists representing a range of generations, genres, backgrounds, settings, and styles. Folkies join hands with rappers; ominous post-rock marches alongside peppy radio pop. There’s spoken-word poetry, tribal percussion, earnest singer-songwriter fare. Even a bit of jazz.

Especially with Occupy reaching a crossroads in summer 2012 — a time when it needs to reassess its ideals, its accomplishments, its methods and its artifacts — “Occupy This Album” plays like a state-of-the-field survey of the protest song. From Jeff Mangum covering the Minutemen to the anonymous drum circles that soundtracked the demonstrations in real time, music has been a constant presence in the movement, although it’s not quite clear what role it has played. The new album portrays a movement with a broad scope and an admirably varied constituency, but the same criticisms that have been leveled against Occupy can also be applied to “Occupy This Album:” There is general unease but no clear direction forward. There is outrage but no plan. There is deep feeling but no clear message.

Ostensibly, there should be something on “Occupy This Album” for everyone to love, but that also means there is more than enough here for everyone to hate. It’s an unwieldy tracklist, almost daring you play it front to back. Of course, it’s pointless to review a 100-track release the same way you would approach a studio album, where functionality and some sense of logical progression are crucial. But there’s no consistent development of political or musical ideas weaving these songs together, nothing to link them or to justify this particular sequencing. As a result, “Occupy This Album” cannot make a statement as an album. In one sense, this release mirrors the leaderless ethos of the movement, which stridently preserves the democracy of the demonstrations. While that idea has certainly energized the Occupy protest, it makes for an amorphous blob of music and a messy, often frustrating listening experience.

But they mean well, right? It’s a charity album after all, with each disc sold separately and with all proceeds benefiting Occupy directly. You’d probably be better off contributing directly to the cause and just making your own mix of politically minded music. You might even have some of these songs in your iTunes already, although why you’d want to include Lucinda Williams’ drippy “Blessed” or Mogwai’s interchangeable “Earth Division” is beyond me.

The music that actually is new — that purports to find direct inspiration in either the righteousness of the demonstrators or the plight of the 99 percent — is generally unimaginative, hokey, disappointingly safe. Most of these artists address these economic issues either through narrative or through high-minded rhetoric. The latter produces the most lackluster results: Jackson Browne’s “Which Side Are You On?” which he has been touting for several months now, turns out to be political white noise, a gentle fist bump to the like-minded that barely puts across either side of the debate. At least it’s better than My Pet Dragon’s epiphany on “Love Anthem”: “Only love can save us now.” To their credit, they sing it like they might actually believe it.

The storytellers have more success, if only because they’re willing to entertain a bit more grit, a bit less blind hope. Featuring Joan Baez and Steve Earle, James McMurtry’s “We Can’t Make It Here” sounds downright curmudgeonly as it surveys the state of the working class in an economy that regularly sends its manufacturing jobs overseas. The song, however, goes a bit overboard when the trio decry litterbugs and graffiti artists.

One of the true standouts among these 100 tracks is Richard Barone’s ditty “Can I Sleep on Your Futon?” about a veteran-turned-singer who couch-surfs from one generous soul to the next. The verses are specific and soulful, as through he’s derived them explicitly from lived experience, and in that regard, the song could function as commentary on the music biz. But Barone stumbles over that massively awkward chorus, “Can I sleep on your futon?” It’s hard to imagine a crowd of protesters singing along.

If there is one overarching theme here, it is, vaguely, “history.” The past informs and even defines this music. Even the very idea of this type of compilations seems like a throwback to the CD’s heyday in the 1990s, when seemingly every charity, from NARAL to the Red Hot Organization, had its own release. It’s an impression reinforced by much of the music, especially hip-hop tracks by Born I Music and George Martinez & the Global Block Collective, whose lyrics and beats sound like they were scavenged from 1994. (For a better example of how hip-hop can address political themes, check out Killer Mike’s new track “Reagan.”)

Of course, there is a lot of folk music on “Occupy This Album.” That style has proved one of the most politicized musical forms of the 20th century, as lefties in the 1930s and 1940s adopted labor songs as battle cries. Clean-scrubbed, buttoned-up folkies like the Kingston Trio had some chart success in the 1950s, but they were quickly rendered obsolete by the Village bohemians reimagining the music as a vehicle for countercultural sentiments. That’s the model so many Occupyers are reverently appropriating, never suspecting that it might not be a natural fit for 21st-century dissent. The folk revivalists of the 1960s drew from the past as well, but took pains to update the music to the times: The mere fact that Dylan wrote new songs in this old style was revolutionary, alienating an older generation of folkie purists.

“Occupy This Album” obviously represents a counterculture, but too many of the artists are too caught up in role playing the past, which seems like an especially boomer enterprise. Michael Moore (yes, that Michael Moore) performs the most chipper version of “The Times They Are A-Changin’” imaginable, one that seems wholly unaware of the gritty realities of 2012, much less of 1964. (The less said about his skiffle version of the song, a hidden track on disc four, the better.) Perhaps the one artist who understands how to plumb history for present-day relevance is Loudon Wainwright III, whose wry “The Panic Is On” updates an 80-year-old tune originally penned by Hezekiah Jenkins (the cover originally appeared on Wainwright’s album “Ten Songs for the New Depression”). It’s an unusual artifact from the early 1930s, but there’s a sneaky observation about class disparity that sounds more disgusted and potent than anything else on the album.

Perhaps the worst thing that can be said about “Occupy This Album” is that the music is deeply conservative. There are so few moments that grab your attention or make you see the world differently. When Occupy already seems to be in danger of losing momentum, it’s hard to say whether the movement has failed to inspire these artists or the artists have failed to document the movement.

Continue Reading Close

Donna Summer: Disco diva and rocker

If you only knew the singing sensation by her 1970s smashes, you barely knew her at all

  • more
    • All Share Services

Donna Summer: Disco diva and rocker

There is so much about Donna Summer that we didn’t know… and not just the cancer that took her life. Let’s start with her relationship to rock. Summer is quite understandably known as a disco singer, and quite rightly so. It was disco that made her, and she, as perhaps disco’s highest profile performer, who helped to shape the genre. But like a number of other disco artists — Nile Rodgers and Bernard Edwards of Chic, the vocal trio Labelle and Chaka Khan all come to mind — Donna Summer was also a rocker. Yes, she grew up singing gospel, but she began her professional career as a ’60s rocker. She would describe this as her Janis Joplin phase, and she did indeed sing in a group that performed at the Psychedelic Supermarket — Boston’s version of Bill Graham’s Fillmore. She then went on to play a hippie in the Munich production of the rock musical “Hair,” and sported an enormous Afro inspired in large part by her hero, the black radical activist, Angela Davis. Although the disco music that she made with producers Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte, and engineer Harold Faltermeyer provoked a fierce backlash from some aficionados of rock, this was a foursome that, as critic Dave Mash pointed out, functioned as a rock band, one in which Summer played a pivotal role as singer and songwriter. And then there is her singing. Listen to her hit “Hot Stuff,” and tell me that Summer could not sing rock.

Summer, who was strikingly beautiful, made some very steamy — some would say X-rated — music, most memorably with her first hit, 1975’s “Love to Love You Baby.” With Summer’s groans, moans and gasps powering the track, it broke new ground in its sexual explicitness. Promoted by her record company in explicitly sexual terms, and giving performances that made Tina Turner’s look tame, Summer soon found herself tagged the “Linda Lovelace of pop music.” She had seen this coming. In fact, she had not wanted to be the singer on that track, and agreed only to record the demo, and only then in a blackened studio where she sang, imagining that she was Marilyn Monroe giving herself over to orgasmic ecstasy. After producer Moroder convinced her to let him use her vocal, her record label president, seeing its bedroom potential, demanded a long-playing version that left the media debating whether the singer came 22 or 23 times. Rock critic Robert Christgau poked fun at the record with a review that consisted of three questions, “Did you come yet? Huh? Did you come yet?” Other reviews were more disparaging. But “Love to Love You Baby,” like much of her music, put female desire front and center in a way that it wasn’t in most rock music. Indeed, Summer’s music is inseparable from second-wave feminism’s emphasis on women’s sexual empowerment.

There is so much to say about Summer, who could have been a full-fledged personality had she not been pigeon-holed and dismissed as a disco tart. I was once on a radio program with her and, believe me, she was nobody’s fool. She described the “star-making machinery” as well as anyone. After she had already became famous she told Rolling Stone that her career sometimes felt like “this monstrous, monstrous force, this whole production of people and props that you’re responsible for, by audiences and everything that rules you until you take it upon yourself to be a machine… And at some point a machine breaks down.” Fame, she observed, diminished her, making her feel like nothing so much as a “commodity.” After falling into a debilitating depression and attempting suicide, she took control of her life again through Christianity.

In a way, I think one hears Summer confront her own commodification on her marvelous record “Bad Girls.” Although the music in the final, released version suggests otherwise, Summer isn’t celebrating prostitution on “Bad Girls.” Rather, she is confronting what she shares with those streetwalkers. “Now, you and me are just the same,” she sings.  And if Summer sounds unusually exuberant as she yells out to a john, “Hey, mista, have you got a dime?” perhaps it’s because Summer understood what it meant to be made into a commodity and reduced to a seductive whisper. Tellingly, in a television interview some years later, Summer noted that “Bad Girls” marked the moment when she stopped being an object and became a subject. Let’s hope that in her death she inspires more writing that fully acknowledges the intelligent subjecthood of this disco diva and kick-ass rock and roller.

Continue Reading Close

Alice Echols, a professor of English, and the Barbra Streisand Chair of Contemporary Gender Studies at the University of Southern California, is the author of four books, including "“Hot Stuff: Disco and the Remaking of American Culture."

Donna Summer, Queen of Disco, dies at 63

The "Last Dance" singer passed away after a battle with cancer

  • more
    • All Share Services

Donna Summer, Queen of Disco, dies at 63

NEW YORK (AP) — Disco queen Donna Summer, whose pulsing anthems such as “Last Dance,” ”Love to Love You Baby” and “Bad Girls” became the soundtrack for a glittery age of sex, drugs, dance and flashy clothes, has died. She was 63.

Her family released a statement Thursday saying Summer died and that they “are at peace celebrating her extraordinary life and her continue legacy.”

Summer gained prominence during the disco era of the 1970s, and released a number of albums that have reach gold or platinum status, including the multiplatinum “Bad Girls” and “On the Radio, Volume I & II.” Her No. 1 Billboard Hot 100 hits include “Hot Stuff” and “MacArthur Park.”

Her sound was a mix of genres, and helped her earn Grammy Awards in the dance, rock, R&B and inspirational categories.

She released her last album, “Crayons,” in 2008. She also performed on “American Idol” that year with its top female contestants.

Page 1 of 284 in Music