Fiction
The greatest Christmas story of all
Forget Scrooge and Tiny Tim -- James Joyce's "The Dead," with its distinctively Irish blend of music and tragedy, is the ultimate yuletide tale. And why isn't John Huston's marvelous film version available on DVD?
The greatest of all Christmas stories, James Joyce‘s “The Dead,” the last story in “Dubliners,” was written in little over a month as Joyce forged the uncreated conscience of his race from an apartment in Trieste, Italy. John Huston’s 1988 film was made in roughly the same amount of time (in 33 days, actually ). Much of it, including all the interiors, was shot in a warehouse in Valencia, Calif.
Joyce was just 25 when he wrote the story, and Huston 80 when he filmed it, but the intentions of the self-imposed Irish exile and the American émigré who adopted Ireland were not dissimilar. Both the youthful writer and the aging filmmaker were coming to terms with their ambivalence toward both their families and Ireland; both gave themselves over to moments of reverie about home, family and the Christmas holiday (though, actually, the story is set on Jan. 6, 1904, on the Feast of the Epiphany — the last of the 12 days of Christmas) that aren’t to be found anywhere else in their work. Joyce’s great works, the quintessential modernist novel “Ulysses” and the unclassifiable stream-of-unconsciousness narrative “Finnegans Wake,” were still ahead of him. Huston’s great films, including “The Maltese Falcon” and “The Treasure of the Sierra Madre,” all lay far in the past.
The central character in “The Dead,” Gabriel Conroy (his name improbably stolen from an obscure novel by western pulp novelist Bret Harte) was awarded several biographical details from Joyce’s life: Both reviewed books for the pro-British Dublin Daily Express, taught in college, became Europeanized and were largely indifferent to the nationalistic aims of their native country. In fiction, Conroy made the journey Joyce himself would never make, back to Dublin to deliver an after-dinner speech at a gathering in honor of his two spinster aunts and their spinster niece, all music teachers: “The three graces,” Conroy calls them, “of the Dublin musical world.”
“The Dead” is soaked in music, mostly Irish music, from reverential discussions of dead singers to references to tragic and dimly remembered folk songs. (As G.K. Chesterton noted of the Irish, “All their wars are merry, and all their songs are sad.”) The title itself is from one of Thomas Moore’s “Irish Melodies,” though the song around which the story turns, “The Lass of Aughrim,” predates even Moore. D’Arcy, an Irish tenor and friend of the family, sings the song as Conroy and his wife, Gretta (modeled, of course, on Joyce’s wife, Nora), are leaving the gathering; she withdraws into a reflective shell that her curious husband can’t, at first, penetrate.
Back in their hotel room, Gabriel Conroy, probing cautiously, finds that the song was once sung to Gretta by a tubercular young boy named Michael Furey who was in love with her back in the wild country near Galway where she grew up. One night, in the cold rain, he came to her window and serenaded her with “The Lass of Aughrim”; he caught a cold and died a short time later.
“I think he died for me,” she tells her stunned husband.
A lesser writer would have given us a neat, gift-wrapped life lesson, a scenario in which the boy’s death functions as an opportunity for Gabriel or Gretta’s personal growth. Joyce aims at something more subtle: Gabriel does experience an epiphany of sorts — on the Feast of the Epiphany — but it is vague and unsettling. Gabriel is jealous, though it’s not clear whether of his wife’s young, dead lover or the intensity of the boy’s love. (“He had never felt like that himself towards any woman, but he knew that such a feeling must be love.”)
“The Dead,” which Joyce’s best biographer, Richard Ellmann, called “a linchpin in Joyce’s work,” can be said with some degree of certainty to be about several things. The lingering charm of Irish hospitality, the emotional power of old songs, the interrelationship of the living and the dead and the necessity for risk and passion are four often cited by those who love the story. (In support of the last, there is Gabriel’s internal monologue: “Better pass boldly into that other world, in the full glory of some passion, than fade away and wither dismally with age.”)
Yet, there is something tantalizingly unnameable in Gabriel’s sadness, something that eludes definition and that Joyce himself doesn’t try to render in dramatic terms. For a reason he can’t explain, Gabriel fights back tears: “His soul had approached that region where dwell the vast hosts of the dead … His own identity was fading out into a grey palpable world: the solid world itself which these dead had one time reared and lived in was dissolving and dwindling.” Then, a few lines later, at the story’s close, one of Joyce’s most famous passages: “His soul swooned slowly as he heard the snow falling faintly through the universe faintly falling, like the descent of their last end, upon all the living and the dead.”
There are those who argue that no actor can do complete justice to Joyce’s prose, that any human voice is too specific to suggest the universality of Joyce’s thought, but even Joyce snobs can’t deny the pleasures of hearing great actors read these words. It’s a shame Joyce couldn’t have heard the inflection the great Anjelica Huston, as Gretta, puts on the word “responsible,” as when she tells her husband “You are too responsible, Gabriel.” (Donal McCann, as Gabriel, gets the exquisite closing lines.)
The film stands as a virtual primer on what the medium can do to enhance the enjoyment of great literary work, beginning with the Irish harp that plays over the opening credits to the heart-rending recitation of the song that brings Huston’s Gretta to tears (sung by classic Irish tenor Frank Patterson). Clearly John Huston didn’t intend for his film to compete with Joyce’s story, but to serve as a companion to it.
Huston directed “The Dead” from a wheelchair, breathing through an oxygen mask and surrounded by friends and family (his son Tony Huston wrote the screenplay, which was nominated for an Oscar). Like the characters in his movie, he was becoming a shade. Dying, he clung tenaciously to the task of completing a film whose defining moment is a character’s awareness of his own mortality.
Huston’s “The Dead” has not yet been released on DVD, an almost unforgivable omission. (You can find used copies of the 1988 Lion’s Gate VHS release through the usual outlets.) Perhaps by next Christmas the copyright holders can resolve whatever outstanding issues are keeping this film off the market. A deluxe DVD edition would make a wonderful gift for lovers of “The Dead” all over the world.
Allen Barra's next book is "Mickey and Willie -- The Parallel Lives of Baseball's Golden Age," from Crown. More Allen Barra.
50 shades of Shutterstock
Slide show: Everyone's favorite light-bondage bestseller illustrated by inexplicable stock photography SLIDE SHOW
This week, for roughly the millionth time, E.L. James’ romance-bondage trilogy “50 Shades” nabs the No. 1, 2 and 3 spots on the New York Times bestseller lists. We don’t get it either. Every page of that book, which famously began as “Twilight” fan fiction, elicits a sigh of confusion and weird secondary embarrassment. The question is: Who would read this? (The answer is: Apparently everyone.) It’s the same baffled, helpless feeling we get when we sort through stock photos on a daily basis. Stock photos – which have been the subject of recent outstanding Internet satire – are used by this site, and many others, to illustrate our flood of content. Many are plain and simple, but a good portion are flat-out mind-blowing. Why did anyone think that photo was a good idea? It only made sense to join these forces. And so, we present to you passages from the most head-scratching bestseller of our time, illustrated with the assistance of inexplicable stock photography.
Megaphone by Natalie Bakopoulos
Miracles happen, even in an Athens crippled by a garbage strike, to a young mother unsure of her ability to love
(Credit: iStockphoto/caracterdesign) It’s the third week of the garbage strike and Athens has begun to smell. Bright-colored trash bags fill the curbs and alleyways, and we have learned to step over the rubbish and avoid the blocks that had become unnavigable. We know which stretches are particularly foul — a stretch along Mavili Square, or the entire top end of Monastiraki. Odos Athinas is a sea of trash, and Omonia is ghastly but we don’t go there anyway. May has gone from unseasonably cool to raging hot, and the garbage seems to be melting. In front of the museum it’s like yet another installation project. When I arrive each morning I want to wretch.
Continue Reading CloseNatalie Bakopoulos's first novel, "The Green Shore," will be published by Simon & Schuster in June 2012. Her work has appeared in Tin House, Ninth Letter, Granta Online, and The O. Henry Prize Stories 2010, and she is a contributing editor for the online journal Fiction Writers Review. More Natalie Bakopoulos.
Almost by Chris Pavone
She never thought of herself as ambitious, until motherhood and career collided in one horrifying hospital ride
(Credit: iStockphoto/caracterdesign) It’s just before dawn when Isabel puts the final page down on the fat stack of paper that sits on the rumpled bedspread, next to an overflowing crystal ashtray and a crumpled soft-pack of cigarettes. She’d tried Wellbutrin and Xanax; she’d used patches and gum. In the end, the only thing that made her quit smoking was being pregnant.
But then, after everything, she couldn’t help but start up again. At first it was just a single cigarette per day, or two. Then it became a few, and within months she was back to full-throttle. Over the past couple of years, she’s tried to quit a few times, but not seriously. She anticipates — she accepts — failure. Because she doesn’t want to quit, not really. She wants instead to try, and fail.
Continue Reading CloseMemorial Day fiction: Are we there yet?
Salon exclusive: At the start of the summer fiction season, new stories from Chris Pavone and Natalie Bakopoulos
(Credit: iStockphoto/caracterdesign) “Are we there yet?”
It’s a dreaded sentence. When it’s spoken by an anxious child from the back seat, it’s enough to make stressed-out parents wish they’d never taken a family vacation in the first place. And even if it’s delivered as a sing-songy punch line, from an impatient partner or spouse on a long road trip, it’s an irritating eye-roller of a joke.
So this Memorial Day weekend — the unofficial start of the summer vacation season, and therefore the summer fiction season — we asked two novelists to reclaim the sentence in a new and adult context. For our latest fiction project, there was only one simple rule: Each story had to include the line “Are we there yet?” in a fresh and surprising way.
Continue Reading CloseDavid Daley is the senior culture editor of Salon. More David Daley.
“Frankenstein” remixed
This masterful new adaptation of Mary Shelley's classic novel may be the best interactive fiction yet
Whatever interactive fiction is (and we’re still figuring that out) it suffers from all the problems of traditional fiction and then some. The vast majority of novels and short stories aren’t much good, but when a branching fiction — along the lines of the old “Choose Your Own Adventure” children’s books — fails to engage, the first impulse is to blame the form rather than the content. Let “Frankenstein,” just released by Inkle Studios and Profile Books, serve as a reproach to that reflex. The app is a creative, subtle and sensitive adaptation of Mary Shelley’s classic novella, and it has singlehandedly renewed this critic’s hopes for interactive fiction.
Laura Miller is a senior writer for Salon. She is the author of "The Magician's Book: A Skeptic's Adventures in Narnia" and has a Web site, magiciansbook.com. More Laura Miller.
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