Environment

When aliens attack

Should we battle invasive species of plants and animals? Maybe. But in his provocative new book, "Out of Eden," Alan Burdick argues that we are only doing so for ourselves.

Like an increasing number of New York City’s summer migrants, I spend part of each year in the Catskills, an ancient, crumbling range of hills and mountains that wanders across central New York state from the Hudson River to the Delaware. No one pretends that this is a pristine natural environment. Abandoned resorts and crumbling farmhouses dot the landscape, and the grand hemlock forests that once covered these peaks were hewed down 150 years ago, replaced largely by oaks and maples that moved in from the south and west.

Still, you have to get to know the Catskills to appreciate how fundamentally they have been changed by the presence of man. The area is sparsely populated to this day, and the woods are alive with animals and birds. Wild turkeys cross our meadow in the morning; white-tailed deer sleep there at night. It sure feels like wilderness, at least at first. But see those drifts of lavender and white flowers my wife transplanted to a few different spots, assuming they were native phlox? That’s dame’s rocket, a wildflower of the English countryside viewed by many American gardeners as a hostile invader. The tenacious, creeping green vine with the spade-shaped leaves? That’s buckwheat, brought to America by the Dutch almost 400 years ago.

When I bought some garage-sale fishing gear and taught myself to fly-cast, I entered the even murkier arena of North America’s freshwater life. Modern dry-fly fishing was pretty much invented in the Catskills, and the region’s rivers are said to teem with trout. Well, sure, but the big native brook trout pursued along the Neversink River by angling legend Theodore Gordon a century ago exist only as a shrunken backwater population; you’re far more likely to catch a brown trout (native to Germany) that was born in a bucket and stocked in the river as a fingerling. You might also come across rainbow trout, smallmouth bass or carp — all introduced here, by accident or on purpose, from somewhere else.

These low-rent examples of “invasive species” just scratch the surface, and it’s a surface that Alan Burdick, the author of “Out of Eden,” aims to dig deep beneath. His tour through the burgeoning discipline of invasion ecology is nuanced, judicious and often delightful; in the finest tradition of science writing, Burdick delivers the hard stuff on a granular level while also pursuing a more philosophical and personal muse. In search of the plant and animal species that move around the world at an ever-accelerating pace — and in search of possible answers to the quandaries they pose for us, the species that has made their pilgrimages possible — Burdick travels to Guam and Hawaii and Tasmania, to the shores of San Francisco Bay, Chesapeake Bay and Long Island Sound, and across the north Pacific aboard one of the world’s biggest oil tankers.

Burdick, a senior editor at Discover magazine and a widely published freelance writer, would tell you that the Catskills are more typical than not. You’ve probably heard about one or more of the invasive species that has assumed celebrity status in the United States: kudzu, the Asian vine that has become an unstoppable weed of the American South; the zebra mussel, a Eurasian shellfish responsible for tremendous ecological and economic damage to Great Lakes waterways; the Asian snakehead, a voracious freshwater fish that can actually crawl from one pond or river to another. But for each one of these invaders there are dozens, perhaps hundreds, that attract attention only from scientists, if at all.

Most of the ecologists and biologists Burdick meets don’t use the word “invasive” for the same reason many gardeners no longer talk about “weeds.” Those are value judgments, used only to differentiate species we like from those we don’t. But however you frame the question, the cascade of introduced or non-indigenous species — invaders “from anywhere, going everywhere,” as he puts it — is causing major and permanent ecological change all over the world. How do we understand this change, and what does it tell us, Burdick wonders, about the fundamental nature of nature itself?

Some species invasions have had clearly catastrophic results, at least on a local level. Burdick goes to Guam to meet the brown tree snake, an Australia native that arrived on the remote Pacific island after World War II, aboard ships or in the wheel wells of airplanes or both. There were no other predatory snakes on Guam, and the island’s docile species (many found nowhere else) made easy pickings. In 40 years, the snake had essentially exterminated Guam’s native bird population — the island’s national bird, a flightless rail called the koko, now exists only in captivity. In Hawaii, on the other hand, tourists encounter no shortage of colorful birds and tropical vegetation — but in the lowland areas most frequented by visitors, these are almost all non-native. Those mynah birds, canaries, finches, waxbills, cockatoos and mockingbirds you heard outside your Maui beachfront hotel are imported species, as are the lantana shrubs, banana poka vines, Himalayan raspberry bushes and more than 400 other “local” plants. Only in the Aloha State’s highlands, principally in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on the Big Island, can you find some facsimile of the original Hawaiian rain forests.

The case of Guam might seem to support the classical idea of an ecosystem as an interlocking mechanism finely honed by millennia of evolution, where each organism occupies a niche crucial to the whole, and where the addition (or subtraction) of a single species can wreak havoc up and down the system. One serpent arrived in Eden, and now the forest is silent. But dire case histories like the brown snake’s are more the exception than the rule. As Burdick puts it, “Most successful invaders simply blend into the ecological woodwork.”

San Francisco Bay, as he learns late in his impressive nine-year odyssey, supports more than 200 non-native species, making it the most-invaded marine ecosystem anywhere in the world. Only a handful of those new arrivals have caused conspicuous problems, and as yet there have been no mass extinctions, no ecological catastrophe. As in the Hawaiian example (and probably in the Catskills too) the net result has been more species living in the bay, rather than fewer. In other words, local biological diversity has actually increased, which — again, according to classical ecology — is supposed to be a good thing.

Yet surely something has been lost when the nature most of us see most of the time is a collage of native and non-native species, thrown together haphazardly in very recent historical time, even if it presents the appearance of relative stability and — for want of a better word — naturalness. For an environmental purist like writer Bill McKibben, such a landscape isn’t nature at all, just a sort of human-centric golf-course fakery. Burdick takes a more nuanced and longer view, arguing that the central tragedy of the human condition is that we are both inside and outside nature, doomed to alter it and to observe ourselves altering it. In this he finds a kind of obscure hope.

How one thinks about the jumbled quality of nature on a planet constantly being circumnavigated by Homo sapiens and all its planes, ships and automobiles lies at the very heart of the still-young science of invasion ecology, which, as Burdick discovers, is only beginning to move away from anecdotal evidence and conjecture toward grappling with hard data. Generations of environmentalists, for example, have blamed the feral pigs of Hawaii (descended from 18th century English imports) for ravaging native plant life. Native Hawaiians, who conduct ritual pig hunts, argued that the porcine invaders did only cosmetic damage to the forest — and they now appear to have been right.

Indeed, leading scientists in the field have grown skeptical of the idea that an ecosystem is a well-balanced, self-regulating and internally calibrated natural machine (and some now reject the word as well). Instead, they say, the only constant in nature is change. In one of his most breathtaking passages, Burdick elaborates on this “nonequilibrium model”:

“Nature does not function precisely like clockwork, a tapestry, a cathedral, a pyramid, an airplane, or an international bank; metaphors are drawn from the world of human invention and knowledge, whereas nature is far larger than either of those things and has hardly begun to be understood … Species disperse and invade, come and go, evolve and go extinct. Any organism can be an invader somewhere. Every ecosystem — or whatever one calls it — can be invaded by something. This is true even in the absence of humankind. An ecosystem is stable over time not because the list of species remains forever the same, but because it varies — not in spite of disturbance, but because of it.”

What is this, you may be wondering — the Dick Cheney school of laissez-faire ecology? Are we supposed to accept that the human-enabled distribution of microorganisms, seeds, spores, bugs, fish, birds and insects from one place to another is just the natural process, speeded up a few thousand times? If the entire state of Hawaii becomes a tropical fantasyland plantation, and the zebra mussel chokes out the Mississippi River’s native life forms, and the European green crab kills off the native shore crabs of the Pacific Northwest, well, that’s life in the fast lane, right? (As one of Burdick’s scientists has demonstrated, both mussel and crab almost certainly arrived in ballast water, the huge doses of seawater oceangoing cargo ships suck up in one location and then discharge in another.)

Not exactly. Burdick, like most of the ornithologists, entomologists, soil ecologists and marine biologists in his book, believes in trying to control the unlimited flow of ecological invasion, whenever and wherever that’s possible. But he suggests that, first of all, we have to be realistic. One theme repeated throughout “Out of Eden” is that resources are often squandered on expensive and dubious attempts to save critically endangered species, when it would be more practical and cost-effective to protect as much wilderness habitat as possible and face the fact that some individual species won’t survive.

Even more important, Burdick thinks that if we decide it’s critical to save diverse kinds of ecosystems all over the world — that we value the ecological distinctions between Hawaii and Australia, India and California — we must recognize that we’re doing it for our own reasons, not for any objective scientific reason to be found in nature itself. Nature, Burdick insists, is “not a reliable model for wilderness conservation.” Instead, it is “heartless, mindless, raw, and insatiable; it is red in tooth and claw. However much we care about it or its more attractive artifacts, it does not care for us, or even for itself.”

This may rock your world if you’re the holistic New Age type, or for that matter if you believe in God. But whether or not you admire the tone of his language, Burdick is trying to get to an essential problem, which could be framed in a variety of ways: Do we want to live in a world where everything is familiar, or a world where many things remain strange, alien, even completely unknown? God or evolution or the turning of the cosmic wheel has empowered human beings to make this choice, and if we choose the latter option — which is less convenient and more difficult to manage — then why?

Hawaiian entomologist David Foote, one of Burdick’s star witnesses, tells him that human life all over the world is increasingly accompanied by a handful of plants and animals we all know: domestic animals and livestock; scavenger species like squirrels, coyotes and raccoons; a few familiar shrubs and trees; rats, pigeons, sparrows, roaches. “If that’s what you want to live with — a small suite of a dozen, maybe two dozen species — then you can live with that, I suppose. You can argue that biodiversity has a utilitarian value. But it’s an aesthetic issue for me.”

It’s extraordinary to hear a scientist — let alone one whose professional career has largely been devoted to the genus Drosophila, the fruit flies — fall back on aesthetics. But what could more clearly define the separation, partial and conditional as it may be, between man and nature? As another scientist points out, you could also call this a moral or a spiritual question, but whatever it is, you can’t quantify it by collecting data or see it under a microscope. Burdick is struck by the idea “that the strongest argument for preserving biodiversity might rest on something so mercurial, so subjective, so intimate as a personal desire to live in a world that is biologically rich.”

In a sense, Burdick’s journey along the cutting edge of ecological science points us back in time, to the early years of the environmental movement and the old-fashioned sentiment that wilderness preservation had psychic and spiritual benefits for human beings, irrespective of its meaning for “nature.” No one ever put it better than novelist Wallace Stegner, in his 1960 “Wilderness Letter”:

“Something will have gone out of us as a people if we ever let the remaining wilderness be destroyed; if we permit the last virgin forests to be turned into comic books and plastic cigarette cases; if we drive the few remaining members of the wild species into zoos or to extinction; if we pollute the last clean air and dirty the last clean streams and push our paved roads through the last of the silence, so that never again will Americans be free in their country from the noise, the exhausts, the stinks of human and automotive waste. And so that never again can we have the chance to see ourselves single, separate, vertical and individual in the world, part of the environment of trees and rocks and soil, brother to the animals, part of the natural world and competent to belong in it. Without any remaining wilderness we are committed wholly, without chance for even momentary reflection and rest, to a headlong drive into our technological termite-life, the Brave New World of a completely man-controlled environment.”

Amid all Burdick’s amusing and amazing factoids (there’s a Hawaiian leaf-hopper named in honor of country singer Loretta Lynn; the London Underground is home to not one but three distinct species of mosquito), his appealing portraits of nerd-hero scientists (one exclaims in wonder: “These Balanus improvisus have just released nauplii into my sample!”), his brain-stretching vocabulary (not just “nauplii,” but also “propagule,” “reticule” and “stochasticities”), his taxonomic lists and his sometimes overly rhapsodic asides on the circular life cycle of the barnacle or the mating habits of the sea scallop, one moment stood out for me.

Burdick’s only encounter with the dreaded brown tree snake of Guam comes when an animal control officer presents him with a captured 6-foot specimen (despite its prevalence on the island, the snake is notoriously difficult to find in the wild). The snake wraps itself around him, “squeezing with a gentle, almost clinical indifference, like the blood pressure gauge in a doctor’s office.” Burdick becomes aware of the obvious difference between them — “I could both consider the snake and consider my considering of the snake, whereas the snake could only consider me as lunch.”

Beyond that, Burdick finds himself gripped by a perverse admiration. “The snake was a marvelous work of biology — powerful, elegant, efficient,” he writes. “As agents of homogenization go, it was not without appeal. I sympathized with it. I even felt a little sorry for it — guileless, cursed, outcast.”

Referring to Bill McKibben’s notion that nature no longer exists as a separate realm, now that the most remote wilderness has been tainted by human civilization, Burdick asks: “But if nature was finished, what now was this thing that had wrapped itself so firmly around me, doing its Sisyphean best to finish me? Was it not nature? Was I not nature? … If the line we’ve drawn to distinguish natural from unnatural serves some human purpose, it is a line to which the snake — and every living inhabitant of the world, save ourselves — is entirely oblivious.”

Something like Burdick’s epiphany, his collision with the ambiguous margins of the natural world, comes to many of us, even without stalking a fearsome snake through the Guamanian jungle. A few years ago, after fumbling through a few fly-fishing expeditions, I caught my first brown trout just before sunset one evening. I was standing up to my waist in the West Branch of the Delaware River just east of Hamden, N.Y., where it’s not much more than a glorified farm stream with Holstein cows chewing grass along its banks.

I had made a cast at nothing in particular with a little fly called a beadhead nymph, meant to imitate a larval insect. I was just practicing, letting the nymph drift downstream until it was time to reel it in. At the last second, when the fly was about to jerk to a stop in the water, it hung suspended in the current for a magical moment and a fish took it. Every fly fisher knows that shuddering, electrical sensation of life at the end of your line; it’s that, rather than the prospect of a fish dinner, that makes the sport so addictive. (Many fly fishermen, perhaps most, don’t keep or kill their catch.)

It was a young male, barely of legal size and not big enough to fight me for long. But as I guided it into my net, I was amazed at this angry little cold-water predator I had momentarily outsmarted — despite its nondescript name, the brown trout is often golden in rivers, and spotted in black and deep orange. I thought it was the most beautiful animal I’d ever seen, as if I were its mother, or God admiring one of his sixth-day creations. Around me the river seemed intensely alive. Swallows flew from under a highway bridge as the light faded, dipping to the water. A wood duck swam past with her brood of ducklings, quacking her keep-away warning at me. Tiny riverine snails began their nightly journey upward through the forest of reeds.

Neither of us was native to that place, or entirely comfortable there. I was a weekend angler, born 3,000 miles away. The fish was probably reared in a barrel, fed Purina Trout Chow and chucked in the river by a fourth-grader. It didn’t occur to me until later that one of my ancestors, in the dim European past, could have caught and eaten one of its ancestors. But there we were, and for the moment we both seemed “part of the natural world and competent to belong in it.” I unhooked him and he was gone in a quarter of a second. I waded back to my car.

Is it ethical to drive stick?

More drivers are buying manual transmissions -- a boon for auto sentimentalists but bad news for the environment

(Credit: cristapper via Shutterstock)

Ever since I first watched my dad drive his chocolate brown Datsun 280 ZX back in the early 1980s, I’ve been inculcated to believe that driving — true driving — can only be performed with a stick shift. From that childhood experience, I came to see the manual transmission as a birthright passed down from my grandfather, to my father, and eventually to me via a series of tense, stall-filled lessons when I turned 16. In my case, after ripping apart the transmission one too many times, my dad went barking drill sergeant on me, eventually teaching me that a stick requires a special kind of focus, and that I needed to ease up more slowly on the clutch in order to get into first gear on those damn inclines. Through the experience, I learned to consider my stick-shifting skill a special talent with transcendent value.

Yes, of course, in the intervening years I’ve had the chance to drive an automatic transmission. But that has always felt a bit like playing a post-Konami Code game of Contra — a bit too easy, a bit too idiot proof, a bit too, shall we say, inauthentic. On top of that, the automatic always seemed like a wasteful luxury because it always was more expensive and less fuel-efficient. That difference consequently added an ascetic populism to the inherent machismo of the engine-revving manual transmission.

No doubt, for stick shift enthusiasts, these factors have all conspired to create an alluring mystique around the manual transmission — one that, according to new data, is on the rise.

Last week, USA Today reported that while “the percentage of new vehicles with stick-shift gearboxes remains a small slice of the new vehicle market,” the “the first quarter this year manuals were in 6.5 percent of new vehicles sold, and that’s getting close to double each of the past five years.” The stick shift is back in a big way — but is that really such a good thing?

Upon hearing the news, my initial thought — for aforementioned reasons — was that, yes, of course it’s a good thing. In an ocean of bad drivers and wasteful vehicles, the news seemed like a distant island of hope. I thought that perhaps more motorists are being converted to the automobile religion (cult?) I first was exposed to in Dad’s Datsun 280 ZX. And maybe, just maybe, that’s a sign that American drivers are wising up, both stylistically and efficiency-wise.

Then I did a bit more investigation, and realized the news might not be so good, and that my quasi-religious fervor for the gearbox may have blinded me to my catechism’s new downsides.

In the past, the stick shift was an all-but-guaranteed fuel saver. But not anymore. As AOL Autos notes, computer technology has advanced to the point where “automatics have become so efficient that most of the time their fuel economy is on par with manuals — and in some cases even better.” USA Today notes that such a trend may eventually erase the long-term price differential between manual and automatic transmissions, meaning the manual will lose its frugal-chic appeal. Meanwhile, according to AOL, new technology also boosts automatics’ overall performance (read: speed), meaning many driving aficionados have come to prefer the automatic over the manual.

Thanks to all this, on the days I don’t bike to work and instead fire up my 11-year-old Saturn and shift it into first gear, I no longer feel so righteous or populist. I feel like part of the problem — not just because I’m driving a fossil fuel-dependent vehicle, but also because the manual transmission seems like a silly relic. Likewise, word that manual transmissions may be coming back no longer seems like such great news; it seems like more proof that when it comes to transportation, we’re still prone to making shortsighted decisions.

And yet, I can’t let go of my love for the stick — or maybe “can’t” isn’t the right word. Perhaps “don’t want to” is more appropriate. If the automobile is still one of the key chronological markers in a typical American’s life (and, unfortunately, it still is), the stick shift is a special symbol of our general heritage, and my specific family traditions.

That’s why I was happy to see that there remains one significant reason to still love the manual transmission — a reason that’s substantive, rather than just aesthetic or experiential. In the age of distracted driving, many believe the stick shift might encourage kids to stay focused on operating their vehicles, rather than operating their smartphones. The idea is that because a manual transmission requires special attention to operate, it doesn’t allow for as much multitasking as an automatic.

While there’s no science (yet) to prove the manual-transmission-as-deterrent-to-distracted-driving hypothesis, the memory of those first harrowing stick-shift lessons — with my dad imploring me to “really focus, goddammit!” — suggests to me that there’s something to the theory.

At least, that’s what I’m going to tell myself to justify my stick-shift fetish — that is, until the automatic fully surpasses the manual in every other way.

Continue Reading Close
David Sirota

David Sirota is a best-selling author of the new book "Back to Our Future: How the 1980s Explain the World We Live In Now." He hosts the morning show on AM760 in Colorado. E-mail him at ds@davidsirota.com, follow him on Twitter @davidsirota or visit his website at www.davidsirota.com.

An eco-pioneer’s final words

The visionary author of "Ecotopia," who died in April, warns of dark times ahead, but sees a path through the decay

This document was found on the computer of "Ecotopia" author Ernest Callenbach (1929-2012) after his death. It originally appeared on TomDispatch.com.

To all brothers and sisters who hold the dream in their hearts of a future world in which humans and all other beings live in harmony and mutual support — a world of sustainability, stability, and confidence. A world something like the one I described, so long ago, in “Ecotopia” and “Ecotopia Emerging.”

As I survey my life, which is coming near its end, I want to set down a few thoughts that might be useful to those coming after. It will soon be time for me to give back to Gaia the nutrients that I have used during a long, busy and happy life. I am not bitter or resentful at the approaching end; I have been one of the extraordinarily lucky ones. So it behooves me here to gather together some thoughts and attitudes that may prove useful in the dark times we are facing: a century or more of exceedingly difficult times.

How will those who survive manage it? What can we teach our friends, our children, our communities? Although we may not be capable of changing history, how can we equip ourselves to survive it?

I contemplate these questions in the full consciousness of my own mortality. Being offered an actual number of likely months to live, even though the estimate is uncertain, mightily focuses the mind. On personal things, of course, on loved ones and even loved things, but also on the Big Picture.

But let us begin with last things first, for a change. The analysis will come later, for those who wish it.

Hope. Children exude hope, even under the most terrible conditions, and that must inspire us as our conditions get worse. Hopeful patients recover better. Hopeful test candidates score better. Hopeful builders construct better buildings. Hopeful parents produce secure and resilient children. In groups, an atmosphere of hope is essential to shared successful effort: “Yes, we can!” is not an empty slogan, but a mantra for people who intend to do something together — whether it is rescuing victims of hurricanes, rebuilding flood-damaged buildings on higher ground, helping wounded people through first aid, or inventing new social structures (perhaps one in which only people are “persons,” not corporations). We cannot know what threats we will face. But ingenuity against adversity is one of our species’ built-in resources. We cope, and faith in our coping capacity is perhaps our biggest resource of all.

Mutual support. The people who do best at basic survival tasks (we know this experimentally, as well as intuitively) are cooperative, good at teamwork, often altruistic, mindful of the common good. In drastic emergencies like hurricanes or earthquakes, people surprise us by their sacrifices — of food, of shelter, even sometimes of life itself. Those who survive social or economic collapse, or wars, or pandemics, or starvation, will be those who manage scarce resources fairly; hoarders and dominators win only in the short run, and end up dead, exiled, or friendless. So, in every way we can we need to help each other, and our children, learn to be cooperative rather than competitive; to be helpful rather than hurtful; to look out for the communities of which we are a part, and on which we ultimately depend.

Practical skills. With the movement into cities of the U.S. population, and much of the rest of the world’s people, we have had a massive de-skilling in how to do practical tasks. When I was a boy in the country, all of us knew how to build a tree house, or construct a small hut, or raise chickens, or grow beans, or screw pipes together to deliver water. It was a sexist world, of course, so when some of my chums in eighth grade said we wanted to learn girls’ “home ec” skills like making bread or boiling eggs, the teachers were shocked, but we got to do it. There was widespread competence in fixing things — impossible with most modern contrivances, of course, but still reasonable for the basic tools of survival: pots and pans, bicycles, quilts, tents, storage boxes.

We all need to learn, or relearn, how we would keep the rudiments of life going if there were no paid specialists around, or means to pay them. Every child should learn elementary carpentry, from layout and sawing to driving nails. Everybody should know how to chop wood safely, and build a fire. Everybody should know what to do if dangers appear from fire, flood, electric wires down, and the like. Taking care of each other is one practical step at a time, most of them requiring help from at least one other person; survival is a team sport.

Organize. Much of the American ideology, our shared and usually unspoken assumptions, is hyper-individualistic. We like to imagine that heroes are solitary, have super powers, and glory in violence, and that if our work lives and business lives seem tamer, underneath they are still struggles red in blood and claw. We have sought solitude on the prairies, as cowboys on the range, in our dependence on media (rather than real people), and even in our cars, armored cabins of solitude. We have an uneasy and doubting attitude about government, as if we all reserve the right to be outlaws. But of course human society, like ecological webs, is a complex dance of mutual support and restraint, and if we are lucky it operates by laws openly arrived at and approved by the populace.

If the teetering structure of corporate domination, with its monetary control of Congress and our other institutions, should collapse of its own greed, and the government be unable to rescue it, we will have to reorganize a government that suits the people. We will have to know how to organize groups, how to compromise with other groups, how to argue in public for our positions. It turns out that “brainstorming,” a totally noncritical process in which people just throw out ideas wildly, doesn’t produce workable ideas. In particular, it doesn’t work as well as groups in which ideas are proposed, critiqued, improved, debated. But like any group process, this must be protected from domination by powerful people and also over-talkative people. When the group recognizes its group power, it can limit these distortions. Thinking together is enormously creative; it has huge survival value.

Learn to live with contradictions. These are dark times, these are bright times. We are implacably making the planet less habitable. Every time a new oil field is discovered, the press cheers: “Hooray, there is more fuel for the self-destroying machines!” We are turning more land into deserts and parking lots. We are wiping out innumerable species that are not only wondrous and beautiful, but might be useful to us. We are multiplying to the point where our needs and our wastes outweigh the capacities of the biosphere to produce and absorb them. And yet, despite the bloody headlines and the rocketing military budgets, we are also, unbelievably, killing fewer of each other proportionately than in earlier centuries. We have mobilized enormous global intelligence and mutual curiosity, through the Internet and outside it. We have even evolved, spottily, a global understanding that democracy is better than tyranny, that love and tolerance are better than hate, that hope is better than rage and despair, that we are prone, especially in catastrophes, to be astonishingly helpful and cooperative.

We may even have begun to share an understanding that while the dark times may continue for generations, in time new growth and regeneration will begin. In the biological process called “succession,” a desolate, disturbed area is gradually, by a predictable sequence of returning plants, restored to ecological continuity and durability. When old institutions and habits break down or consume themselves, new experimental shoots begin to appear, and people explore and test and share new and better ways to survive together.

It is never easy or simple. But already we see, under the crumbling surface of the conventional world, promising developments: new ways of organizing economic activity (cooperatives, worker-owned companies, nonprofits, trusts), new ways of using low-impact technology to capture solar energy, to sequester carbon dioxide, new ways of building compact, congenial cities that are low (or even self-sufficient) in energy use, low in waste production, high in recycling of almost everything. A vision of sustainability that sometimes shockingly resembles “Ecotopia” is tremulously coming into existence at the hands of people who never heard of the book.

- – - – - – - – - – - – - – - -

Now in principle, the Big Picture seems simple enough, though devilishly complex in the details. We live in the declining years of what is still the biggest economy in the world, where a looter elite has fastened itself upon the decaying carcass of the empire. It is intent on speedily and relentlessly extracting the maximum wealth from that carcass, impoverishing our former working middle class. But this maggot class does not invest its profits here. By law and by stock-market pressures, corporations must seek their highest possible profits, no matter the social or national consequences — which means moving capital and resources abroad, wherever profit potential is larger. As Karl Marx darkly remarked, “Capital has no country,” and in the conditions of globalization his meaning has come clear.

The looter elite systematically exports jobs, skills, knowledge, technology, retaining at home chiefly financial manipulation expertise: highly profitable, but not of actual productive value. Through “productivity gains” and speedups, it extracts maximum profit from domestic employees; then, firing the surplus, it claims surprise that the great mass of people lack purchasing power to buy up what the economy can still produce (or import).

Here again Marx had a telling phrase: “Crisis of under-consumption.” When you maximize unemployment and depress wages, people have to cut back. When they cut back, businesses they formerly supported have to shrink or fail, adding their own employees to the ranks of the jobless, and depressing wages still further. End result: something like Mexico, where a small, filthy rich plutocracy rules over an impoverished mass of desperate, uneducated, and hopeless people.

Barring unprecedented revolutionary pressures, this is the actual future we face in the United States, too. As we know from history, such societies can stand a long time, supported by police and military control, manipulation of media, surveillance and dirty tricks of all kinds. It seems likely that a few parts of the world (Germany, with its worker-council variant of capitalism, New Zealand with its relative equality, Japan with its social solidarity, and some others) will remain fairly democratic.

The U.S., which has a long history of violent plutocratic rule unknown to the textbook-fed, will stand out as the best-armed Third World country, its population ill-fed, ill-housed, ill-educated, ill-cared for in health, and increasingly poverty-stricken: even Social Security may be whittled down, impoverishing tens of millions of the elderly.

As empires decline, their leaders become increasingly incompetent — petulant, ignorant, gifted only with PR skills of posturing and spinning, and prone to the appointment of loyal idiots to important government positions. Comedy thrives; indeed writers are hardly needed to invent outrageous events.

We live, then, in a dark time here on our tiny precious planet. Ecological devastation, political and economic collapse, irreconcilable ideological and religious conflict, poverty, famine: the end of the overshoot of cheap-oil-based consumer capitalist expansionism.

If you don’t know where you’ve been, you have small chance of understanding where you might be headed. So let me offer a capsule history for those who, like most of us, got little help from textbook history.

At 82, my life has included a surprisingly substantial slice of American history. In the century or so up until my boyhood in Appalachian central Pennsylvania, the vast majority of Americans subsisted as farmers on the land. Most, like people elsewhere in the world, were poor, barely literate, ill-informed, short-lived. Millions had been slaves. Meanwhile in the cities, vast immigrant armies were mobilized by ruthless and often violent “robber baron” capitalists to build vast industries that made things: steel, railroads, ships, cars, skyscrapers.

Then, when I was in grade school, came World War II. America built the greatest armaments industry the world had ever seen, and when the war ended with most other industrial countries in ruins, we had a run of unprecedented productivity and prosperity. Thanks to strong unions and a sympathetic government, this prosperity was widely shared: a huge working middle class evolved — tens of millions of people could afford (on one wage) a modest house, a car, perhaps sending a child to college. This era peaked around 1973, when wages stagnated, the Vietnam War took a terrible toll in blood and money, and the country began sliding rightward.

In the next epoch, which we are still in and which may be our last as a great nation, capitalists who grew rich and powerful by making things gave way to a new breed: financiers who grasped that you could make even more money by manipulating money. (And by persuading Congress to subsidize them — the system should have been called Subsidism, not Capitalism.) They had no concern for the productivity of the nation or the welfare of its people; with religious fervor, they believed in maximizing profit as the absolute economic goal. They recognized that, by capturing the government through the election finance system and removing government regulation, they could turn the financial system into a giant casino.

Little by little, they hollowed the country out, until it was helplessly dependent on other nations for almost all its necessities. We had to import significant steel components from China or Japan. We came to pay for our oil imports by exporting food (i.e., our soil). Our media and our educational system withered. Our wars became chronic and endless and stupefyingly expensive. Our diets became suicidal, and our medical system faltered; life expectancies began to fall.

And so we have returned, in a sort of terrible circle, to something like my boyhood years, when President Roosevelt spoke in anger of “one third of a nation ill-housed, ill-fed, ill-clothed.” A large and militant contingent of white, mostly elderly, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant right wingers, mortally threatened by their impending minority status and pretending to be liberty-lovers, desperately seek to return us still further back.

Americans like to think of ours as an exceptional country, immune through geographical isolation and some kind of special virtue to the tides of history. Through the distorted lens of our corporate media, we possess only a distorted view of what the country is really like now. In the next decades, we shall see whether we indeed possess the intelligence, the strength, and the mutual courage to break through to another positive era.

No futurist can foresee the possibilities. As empires decay, their civilian leaderships become increasingly crazed, corrupt, and incompetent, and often the military (which is after all a parasite of the whole nation, and has no independent financial base like the looter class) takes over. Another possible scenario is that if the theocratic red center of the country prevails in Washington, the relatively progressive and prosperous coastal areas will secede in self-defense.

“Ecotopia” is a novel, and secession was its dominant metaphor: how would a relatively rational part of the country save itself ecologically if it was on its own? As “Ecotopia Emerging” puts it, Ecotopia aspired to be a beacon for the rest of the world. And so it may prove, in the very, very long run, because the general outlines of Ecotopia are those of any possible future sustainable society.

The “ecology in one country” argument was an echo of an actual early Soviet argument, as to whether “socialism in one country” was possible. In both cases, it now seems to me, the answer must be no. We are now fatally interconnected, in climate change, ocean impoverishment, agricultural soil loss, etc., etc., etc. International consumer capitalism is a self-destroying machine, and as long as it remains the dominant social form, we are headed for catastrophe; indeed, like rafters first entering the “tongue” of a great rapid, we are already embarked on it.

When disasters strike and institutions falter, as at the end of empires, it does not mean that the buildings all fall down and everybody dies. Life goes on, and in particular, the remaining people fashion new institutions that they hope will better ensure their survival.

So I look to a long-term process of “succession,” as the biological concept has it, where “disturbances” kill off an ecosystem, but little by little new plants colonize the devastated area, prepare the soil for larger and more complex plants (and the other beings who depend on them), and finally the process achieves a flourishing, resilient, complex state — not necessarily what was there before, but durable and richly productive. In a similar way, experiments under way now, all over the world, are exploring how sustainability can in fact be achieved locally. Technically, socially, economically — since it is quite true, as ecologists know, that everything is connected to everything else, and you can never just do one thing by itself.

Since I wrote “Ecotopia,” I have become less confident of humans’ political ability to act on commonsense, shared values. Our era has become one of spectacular polarization, with folly multiplying on every hand. That is the way empires crumble: they are taken over by looter elites, who sooner or later cause collapse. But then new games become possible, and with luck Ecotopia might be among them.

Humans tend to try to manage things: land, structures, even rivers. We spend enormous amounts of time, energy, and treasure in imposing our will on nature, on preexisting or inherited structures, dreaming of permanent solutions, monuments to our ambitions and dreams. But in periods of slack, decline, or collapse, our abilities no longer suffice for all this management. We have to let things go.

All things “go” somewhere: they evolve, with or without us, into new forms. So as the decades pass, we should try not always to futilely fight these transformations. As the Japanese know, there is much unnoticed beauty in wabi-sabi — the old, the worn, the tumble-down, those things beginning their transformation into something else. We can embrace this process of devolution: embellish it when strength avails, learn to love it.

There is beauty in weathered and unpainted wood, in orchards overgrown, even in abandoned cars being incorporated into the earth. Let us learn, like the Forest Service sometimes does, to put unwise or unneeded roads “to bed,” help a little in the healing of the natural contours, the re-vegetation by native plants. Let us embrace decay, for it is the source of all new life and growth.

Continue Reading Close

Gorgeous saga, global crisis

"Last Call at the Oasis" paints a haunting, even poetic, portrait of the global water crisis. Will anyone listen?

Here’s the short version of humanity’s relationship with water, as delivered by hydrologist Jay Famiglietti in Jessica Yu’s compelling and often gorgeous documentary “Last Call at the Oasis”: “We’re screwed.” Yes, we should all install low-flush toilets and plant gardens that require less watering, but conservation is simply insufficient to cope with a global fresh-water crisis that involves many interlocking factors: overpopulation and overdevelopment, depletion of groundwater, climate change, and widespread contamination.

Solving the human race’s worsening water problem requires overcoming what Yu’s film terms the “Hydro-Illogical Cycle,” which is defined by the belief that because most of the Earth’s surface is covered in wet stuff, there’s no problem. As one horrified woman proclaims in a hilarious segment that explores the possibility of marketing recycled and purified sewage water (to be sold under the brand name Porcelain Springs), “This says to me that there’s some shortage I don’t know about. When they show those photographs from space, there’s a lot of water!”

“Last Call at the Oasis” is the latest social-advocacy documentary from Participant Media, whose previous output includes “An Inconvenient Truth,” “Food, Inc.” and “Waiting for ‘Superman,’” along with many other less obvious (and less successful) films. Like most of those movies, it’s adapted from existing material in another format, in this case journalist Alex Prud’homme’s book “The Ripple Effect.” At its best, Participant has been able to marry a message-delivery system to a genuine cinematic experience, and that’s definitely what Yu — an eclectic talent whose work includes the documentary “In the Realms of the Unreal” and the narrative feature “Ping Pong Playa,” along with numerous TV episodes — delivers here. “Oasis” packs in a lot of dire information, but it wraps it in often-spectacular images and cutting-edge graphics, moving from Las Vegas to rural Michigan to the Australian outback to the nearly depleted waters of the Jordan River, where the traditional baptismal spot of Jesus has become a fetid swamp contaminated with sewage from a nearby Israeli town.

While the discussion in “Last Call at the Oasis” is never directly about partisan politics or ideology, and although Yu relies mostly on the testimony of respected scientists, this film probably faces a version of the “Inconvenient Truth” problem. It’s largely preaching to the converted, in the sense that if you fail to accept certain basic premises — that climate change is a scientific fact, for example, and that fresh water is a limited and fragile resource that is nearly maxed out on a global scale — then you’ll just blow this off as left-wing fearmongering. In one especially effective section, Yu shows us file footage of Sean Hannity and Sarah Palin ostentatiously taking the side of Latino farmers in California’s Central Valley who were denied irrigation water because of an endangered fish called the Delta smelt. Then she has a scientist explain the larger context: Yes, the smelt is an insignificant species in and of itself, but you can’t consider it on its own. In fact, it’s a key indicator species in an enormous interlocking ecosystem that extends from the rivers and estuaries of the inland West to San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. If the smelt dies, that tells us the whole system is dying.

“Last Call at the Oasis” follows a familiar pattern seen in Participant productions and other social-issue docs, but it does so with such panache and visual variety that I really never felt lectured at. About three-quarters of the film lays out an immensely complicated set of problems and argues that they’re all connected. Agriculture and overdevelopment in the West and Southwest have drained the regions’ reservoirs and aquifers nearly dry, while in many wetter heartland areas the groundwater has been poisoned with exotic industrial toxins and antibiotic-laced cattle manure. Americans’ growing use of all sorts of supplements and pharmaceuticals — many with unknown long-term effects — has created a problem for municipal sewage treatment facilities, which are set up to remove trash and organic waste, not unknown chemical compounds.

Then, of course, Yu has to make the case that it’s not too late for us to clean up this precious resource — along with sunlight, the one absolutely necessary component of life on Earth — and learn to share it better. Erin Brockovich leads a campaign on behalf of poisoned homeowners in Midland, Texas, that leads to new regulations on hexavalent chromium in drinking water. (Yu does not fail to mention that Midland is George W. Bush’s adopted hometown.) The Israeli town stops pumping poop into a Christian holy site, and a coalition of Jordanian, Palestinian and Israeli activists work on a plan to share the Jordan River’s water. Many people, the marketing firm discovers, can be convinced to try Porcelain Springs. (The water we drink every day is recycled sewage, too — we just don’t know where or when it happened.)

If anything, the real downside of “Last Call at the Oasis” comes after the movie is over, when you think back over the rather thin optimism of the last 20 minutes. Sure, Los Angeles will supposedly start piping recycled tap water by the end of this decade, and that’s great and all. But that does nearly nothing to address the fact that only about 1 percent of the planet’s water is drinkable, and 80 to 90 percent of that is used to grow food, often in agricultural regions (like the Central Valley of California) that would otherwise be barren. In case you’re wondering about desalinating seawater, by the way, the answer is no. (It’s like the hydrogen-car solution to the energy crisis, an expensive boondoggle that won’t work.) So we need to figure out how to use a lot less water, very quickly, with a rapidly growing population. Or we just shrug our shoulders and agree with Famiglietti’s two-word prognosis.

“Last Call at the Oasis” is now playing at the Lincoln Plaza Cinema and Sunshine Cinema in New York, and at the Landmark in Los Angeles, with wider release to follow.

Continue Reading Close

Global warming hits home

After a year of freakish and destructive weather, Americans are finally waking up to the dangers of climate change

Houses were severely damaged after Hurricane Irene came through Bethel, Vt. on August 28, 2011 (Credit: U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service - Northeast Region / CC BY 2.0)
This originally appeared on TomDispatch.

The Williams River was so languid and lovely last Saturday morning that it was almost impossible to imagine the violence with which it must have been running on August 28, 2011. And yet the evidence was all around: sand piled high on its banks, trees still scattered as if by a giant’s fist, and most obvious of all, a utilitarian temporary bridge where for 140 years a graceful covered bridge had spanned the water.

The YouTube video of that bridge crashing into the raging river was Vermont’s iconic image from its worst disaster in memory, the record flooding that followed Hurricane Irene’s rampage through the state in August 2011.  It claimed dozens of lives, as it cut more than a billion-dollar swath of destruction across the eastern United States.

I watched it on TV in Washington just after emerging from jail, having been arrested at the White House during mass protests of the Keystone XL pipeline. Since Vermont’s my home, it took the theoretical — the ever more turbulent, erratic and dangerous weather that the tar sands pipeline from Canada would help ensure — and made it all too concrete. It shook me bad.

And I’m not the only one.

New data released last month by researchers at Yale and George Mason universities show that a lot of Americans are growing far more concerned about climate change, precisely because they’re drawing the links between freaky weather, a climate kicked off-kilter by a fossil-fuel guzzling civilization and their own lives. After a year with a record number of multi-billion dollar weather disasters, seven in ten Americans now believe that “global warming is affecting the weather.” No less striking, 35 percent of the respondents reported that extreme weather had affected them personally in 2011.  As Yale’s Anthony Laiserowitz told the New York Times, “People are starting to connect the dots.”

Which is what we must do. As long as this remains one abstract problem in the long list of problems, we’ll never get to it.  There will always be something going on each day that’s more important, including, if you’re facing flood or drought, the immediate danger.

But in reality, climate change is actually the biggest thing that’s going on every single day.  If we could only see that pattern we’d have a fighting chance. It’s like one of those trompe l’oeil puzzles where you can only catch sight of the real picture by holding it a certain way. So this weekend we’ll be doing our best to hold our planet a certain way so that the most essential pattern is evident. At 350.org, we’re organizing a global day of action that’s all about dot-connecting; in fact, you can follow the action at climatedots.org.

The day will begin in the Marshall Islands of the far Pacific, where the sun first rises on our planet, and where locals will hold a daybreak underwater demonstration on their coral reef already threatened by rising seas. They’ll hold, in essence, a giant dot — and so will our friends in Bujumbura, Burundi, where March flooding destroyed 500 homes. In Dakar, Senegal, they’ll mark the tidal margins of recent storm surges.  In Adelaide, Australia, activists will host a “dry creek regatta” to highlight the spreading drought down under.

Pakistani farmers — some of the millions driven from their homes by unprecedented flooding over the last two years — will mark the day on the banks of the Indus; in Ayuthaya, Thailand, Buddhist monks will protest next to a temple destroyed by December’s epic deluges that also left the capital, Bangkok, awash.

Activists in Ulanbataar will focus on the ongoing effects of drought in Mongolia.  In Daegu, South Korea, students will gather with bags of rice and umbrellas to connect the dots between climate change, heavy rains, and the damage caused to South Korea’s rice crop in recent years. In Amman, Jordan, Friends of the Earth Middle East will be forming a climate dot on the shores of the Dead Sea to draw attention to how climate-change-induced drought has been shrinking that sea.

In Herzliya, Israel, people will form a dot on the beach to stand in solidarity with island nations and coastal communities around the world that are feeling the impact of climate change. In newly freed Libya, students will hold a teach-in.  In Oman, elders will explain how the weather along the Persian Gulf has shifted in their lifetimes. There will be actions in the cloud forests of Costa Rica, and in the highlands of Peru where drought has wrecked the lives of local farmers.  In Monterrey, Mexico, they’ll recall last year’s floods that did nearly $2 billion in damage. In Chamonix, France, climbers will put a giant red dot on the melting glaciers of the Alps.

And across North America, as the sun moves westward, activists in Halifax, Canada, will “swim for survival” across its bay to highlight rising sea levels, while high-school students in Nashville, Tennessee, will gather on a football field inundated by 2011’s historic killer floods.

In Portland, Oregon, city dwellers will hold an umbrella-decorating party to commemorate March’s record rains. In Bandelier, New Mexico, firefighters in full uniform will remember last year’s record forest fires and unveil the new solar panels on their fire station.  In Miami, Manhattan, and Maui, citizens will line streets that scientists say will eventually be underwater. In the high Sierra, on one of the glaciers steadily melting away, protesters will unveil a giant banner with just two words, a quote from that classic of western children’s literature, ”The Wizard of Oz.” “I’m Melting” it will say, in letters three-stories high.

This is a full-on fight between information and disinformation, between the urge to witness and the urge to cover-up. The fossil-fuel industry has funded endless efforts to confuse people, to leave an impression that nothing much is going on.  But — as with the tobacco industry before them — the evidence has simply gotten too strong.

Once you saw enough people die of lung cancer, you made the connection. The situation is the same today.  Now, it’s not just the scientists and the insurance industry; it’s your neighbors. Even pleasant weather starts to seem weird.  Fifteen thousand U.S. temperature records were broken, mainly in the East and Midwest, in the month of March alone, as a completely unprecedented heat wave moved across the continent.  Most people I met enjoyed the rare experience of wearing shorts in winter, but they were still shaking their heads. Something was clearly wrong and they knew it.

The one institution in our society that isn’t likely to be much help in spreading the news is… the news. Studies show our papers and TV channels paying ever less attention to our shifting climate.  In fact, in 2011 ABC, CBS, NBC, and Fox spent twice as much time discussing Donald Trump as global warming. Don’t expect representatives from Saturday’s Connect the Dots day to show up on Sunday’s talk shows.  Over the last three years, those inside-the-Beltway extravaganzas have devoted 98 minutes total to the planet’s biggest challenge. Last year, in fact, all the Sunday talk shows spent exactly nine minutes of Sunday talking time on climate change — and here’s a shock: all of it was given over to Republican politicians in the great denial sweepstakes.

So here’s a prediction: Next Sunday, no matter how big and beautiful the demonstrations may be that we’re mounting across the world, “Face the Nation” and “Meet the Press” won’t be connecting the dots. They’ll be gassing along about Newt Gingrich’s retirement from the presidential race or Mitt Romney’s coming nomination, and many of the commercials will come from oil companies lying about their environmental efforts. If we’re going to tell this story — and it’s the most important story of our time — we’re going to have to tell it ourselves.

To stay on top of important articles like these, sign up to receive the latest updates from TomDispatch.com here.

Continue Reading Close

Bill McKibben is the Schumann Distinguished Scholar at Middlebury College, and founder of the global climate campaign 350.org. His latest book is "Eaarth: Making a Life on a Tough New Planet.".

Two stupid lies the right spread this week

No, there's no new pro-necrophilia law in Egypt, and the EPA isn't "crucifying" all oil companies

The (now updated) Daily Mail story that launched the necrophilia myth (Credit: Daily Mail)

Did you hear about the new law in Egypt that the Muslim Brotherhood supported that allowed people to have sex with dead women? It was on all the blogs yesterday. “Hard to come up with a more apt image of the Arab Spring than an aroused Islamist rogering a corpse,” wrote Mark Steyn. It’s hard to come up with a more apt image of the state of contemporary Islamophobia than Mark Steyn furiously pondering the image of “an aroused Islamist rogering a corpse.”

So, it’s not a real thing. There’s no such law or even any evidence that anyone proposed said law, and even if someone had proposed such a law, there is not even a remote possibility that the Egyptian Parliament would consider it. It’s total bullshit. It’s the Daily Mail overhyping a story Al-Arabiya took from a newspaper opinion column written by a dedicated Hosni Mubarak supporter.

The Christian Science Monitor’s Dan Murphy explained as much yesterday, but the people who highlight specious stories like this don’t actually care about “accuracy”; they are just engaged in a propaganda campaign designed to tar all Muslims as violent radical pervert monsters who are slowly taking over the West.

That is actually not the case, and anyone who’s ever met a Muslim could probably tell you!

It’s important to remember that the structure of the Muslim clergy is, by and large, like that of a number of Protestant Christian sects. Anyone can put out a shingle and declare themselves a preacher. The ones to pay attention to are the ones with large followings, or attachment to major institutions of Islamic learning. The preacher in Morocco is like the preacher in Florida who spent so much time and energy publicizing the burning of Qurans.

This seems like a really staggeringly obvious point — there are mainstream Muslim clerics and nutty fringe ones, just like in Mormonism and Judaism and all forms of Christianity! — but the Islamophobia industry has spent years trying to make sure that Americans by and large don’t understand this.

Number 2: That Obama EPA person said they were going to “crucify” the oil industry. This is a much bigger story (though it is still limited almost entirely to the conservative press) because it was first spread by an actual senator: James Inhofe, the Senate’s worst pilot and best friend of oil and gas. And then it was on Fox, obviously.

And it has now become a regular talking point, that Obama’s EPA is “crucifying” oil companies. (Which is bad because oil companies give us our precious life-giving oil!)

Of course the guy, an administrator named Al Armendariz, was specifically talking about going after companies that broke the law. The idea is that the EPA would punish companies that violated the law, because that is the EPA’s whole deal. (Some people think there shouldn’t be any environmental laws and no EPA, but instead of making that argument, they are instead making the untrue claim, based on words taken out of context, that Obama’s EPA is unfairly punishing all oil companies for no reason.)

It is also sort of weird that everyone thinks it’s a political winner to say Obama is being too tough on oil companies when no one likes oil companies, but what do I know.

Continue Reading Close
Alex Pareene

Alex Pareene writes about politics for Salon and is the author of "The Rude Guide to Mitt." Email him at apareene@salon.com and follow him on Twitter @pareene

Page 1 of 158 in Environment

www.salon.com/topic/environment/