Fiction
Mystery in black and white
Stephen L. Carter helped put African-American mysteries on the map with his 2002 debut novel. But his latest thriller, "New England White," seems lost.
In Rudolph Fisher’s “The Conjure-Man Dies,” published in 1932 and widely regarded as the first African-American murder mystery, detective Percy Dart questions a prickly witness. “What kind o’ detective is you?” asks the witness, Mrs. Snead. “A police detective, madam, of the city of New York,” he replies. “T’ain’t so,” says she, “they don’t have no black detective.” Dart rejoins dryly, “Your informant was either ignorant or color blind.” Certainly, African-American detectives existed then and many more swell the police ranks now, but African-American writers of detective novels have enjoyed little such growth. The canon includes Fisher, Chester Himes and Walter Mosley, as well as a new generation of female authors, but the African-American mystery remains a mysteriously marginal genre.
The genre did attract major attention in 2002, when Yale Law School professor and first-time novelist Stephen L. Carter garnered a $4 million advance for “The Emperor of Ocean Park,” which racked up excellent sales and reviews. Carter’s previous works hadn’t sold as well — heady tomes concerning intricacies of Senate confirmation hearings and the correct role of religion in a democracy rarely do. He had also authored the volumes “Integrity” and “Civility,” which concerned, well, integrity and civility, had helped to raise his two children and had cited the Bible as his favorite and most influential book — not precisely the C.V. one associates with a writer of thrillers.
Consequently, many critics who praised “The Emperor of Ocean Park” lauded it not as a mystery novel but as a novel of manners, revealing the customs and conventions of the black bourgeoisie. In the New York Times, Ward Just noted that in Carter, “the black upper class has found its Dreiser.” A few days earlier the Times’ Michiko Kakutani had remarked, “The family drama is a closely observed, often affecting portrait of the Garland clan, [while] the thriller is a contrived, implausible and needlessly baroque melodrama.”
But Carter has once again blended the family drama and the thriller in “New England White,” whose unfortunate title suggests nothing so much as a rather innocuous type of cocaine. Though not precisely a sequel, Carter reintroduces minor characters from “The Emperor of Ocean Park,” Lemaster Carlyle and his wife, Julia. Lemaster Carlyle has taken on the presidency of an Ivy League university, which an author’s note assures us is not Yale, though clearly it is. (The book cover boasts an image of Harkness Tower, perhaps Yale’s most indelible structure.) When the Carlyles chance upon the bullet-ridden body of economics professor (and Julia’s ex) Kellen Zant, Julia decides she must investigate the murder.
Again, Carter displays great ambivalence about whether he wants to write a mystery novel at all, particularly an African-American one. He disregards most of the qualities that have made African-American detective fiction singular and pleasurable. In his academic study of the genre, “The Blues Detective,” Stephen F. Soitos identifies several “tropes of black detection”: double-consciousness, use of the vernacular and hoodoo. Carter uses not a one. Julia does toughen up as the narrative unfurls, shedding some of her meek faculty wife aspects, but her position of privilege hardly requires Duboise-ian double-consciousness. And such a member of the elite would hardly resort to vernacular tradition or outré religious practice. Julia’s an Episcopalian and a divinity school dean to boot.
Furthermore, in the past African-American detective fiction has often distinguished itself by its emphasis on materiality, profuse descriptions of how characters look and what they eat, drink and wear. Like Fisher and Himes, Carter notes his characters’ skin tones — and, unlike Fisher and Himes, he invariably notes what cars they drive — but he’s otherwise parsimonious with physical details. Violence occurs offstage; sex receives discreet mention and takes place only in the marital bed. In an interview, Carter remarked that in place of the carnage and salaciousness, “I’ve got explicit religion instead.” As to the mystery itself, he often inserts revelations and clues just before the end of the chapter, as though ashamed by their inclusion.
Perhaps the double-consciousness exists here not in the person of the detective, but in the author, someone who wants to try on the mantle of the mystery genre and yet remain above and apart from certain of its hallmarks. This makes “New England White,” like “The Emperor of Ocean Park,” a rather curious book, absent of much that’s expected in a detective novel and full up with much that isn’t. In addition to the explicit religion, Carter reaffirms many of the political views and values expressed in his earlier novel. Though Julia Carlyle is manifestly a different character from the hero of “Emperor,” law professor Talcott Garland, they share their author’s support of a school voucher system, reluctant pro-choice stance and distaste for both liberal and conservative positions. They are also both confronted with graveside mysteries and legacies from the dead and share a fascination with discovering the sources of political power and influence.
In “New England White,” however, Carter has switched from first-person narration to third, perhaps as a stylistic exercise, perhaps because Julia diverges far more from Carter than Talcott did. (In an essay in the Virginia Quarterly Review, Michael Nelson identified the many similarities between Talcott and Carter: “They both grew up among Washington’s black bourgeoisie, and both were non-athletic kids who loved sports. Both married other lawyers and are devoted fathers. Both are chess players. Both are ambivalent about affirmative action and fret that whites suspect they don’t deserve their positions.”) Unbound by a particular voice, this shift in perspective allows Carter greater freedom with language and description, not necessarily a bonus. He has no gift for figurative language, as he proves when he opens the novel: “Rumors chase the dead like flies, and we follow them with our prim noses.” Much later he writes how “snowy trees [slip] past, each hiding its dark, archival history in the night.” Trees have archives? Raymond Chandler he ain’t.
When he leaves regrettable metaphors aside, Carter is deft with dialogue and enjoys the back-and-forth style of interviews. (Maybe they remind him of the courtroom.) The exigencies of plot keep him from dwelling too long on prose set pieces or sociopolitical arguments. The plot itself, which ties Zant’s death to the drowning of a white teen some 25 years before, is a bit of a nonstarter, but the short chapters and frequent disclosures prove sufficiently distracting.
But if Carter aspires to more than the sort of beach reading that one can pat oneself on the back about, if he wishes to craft a novel that’s both intellectually adept and adequately gripping — the sort that bears rereading — he has to make peace with the medium he works in, its characteristics and its history. Detective fiction and the serious novel are by no means mutually incompatible. Dickens, Dostoevski, Alain Robbe-Grillet, Iris Murdoch and Umberto Eco have all managed it; so did Chester Himes.
Julia Carlyle concludes the novel with a letter to her mother in which she muses on her New England childhood, writing, “I think you moved us to Hanover for the winters. Time covers truth like snow. The best part of New England life is that it is a very long time before the snow melts.” But Carter shouldn’t fear a thaw. Imagine if he were to let some of his stiffness and reserve melt away, to let the mysterious and the literary mingle unashamedly together — that’s an integration devoutly to be wished for.
50 shades of Shutterstock
Slide show: Everyone's favorite light-bondage bestseller illustrated by inexplicable stock photography SLIDE SHOW
This week, for roughly the millionth time, E.L. James’ romance-bondage trilogy “50 Shades” nabs the No. 1, 2 and 3 spots on the New York Times bestseller lists. We don’t get it either. Every page of that book, which famously began as “Twilight” fan fiction, elicits a sigh of confusion and weird secondary embarrassment. The question is: Who would read this? (The answer is: Apparently everyone.) It’s the same baffled, helpless feeling we get when we sort through stock photos on a daily basis. Stock photos – which have been the subject of recent outstanding Internet satire – are used by this site, and many others, to illustrate our flood of content. Many are plain and simple, but a good portion are flat-out mind-blowing. Why did anyone think that photo was a good idea? It only made sense to join these forces. And so, we present to you passages from the most head-scratching bestseller of our time, illustrated with the assistance of inexplicable stock photography.
Megaphone by Natalie Bakopoulos
Miracles happen, even in an Athens crippled by a garbage strike, to a young mother unsure of her ability to love
(Credit: iStockphoto/caracterdesign) It’s the third week of the garbage strike and Athens has begun to smell. Bright-colored trash bags fill the curbs and alleyways, and we have learned to step over the rubbish and avoid the blocks that had become unnavigable. We know which stretches are particularly foul — a stretch along Mavili Square, or the entire top end of Monastiraki. Odos Athinas is a sea of trash, and Omonia is ghastly but we don’t go there anyway. May has gone from unseasonably cool to raging hot, and the garbage seems to be melting. In front of the museum it’s like yet another installation project. When I arrive each morning I want to wretch.
Continue Reading CloseNatalie Bakopoulos's first novel, "The Green Shore," will be published by Simon & Schuster in June 2012. Her work has appeared in Tin House, Ninth Letter, Granta Online, and The O. Henry Prize Stories 2010, and she is a contributing editor for the online journal Fiction Writers Review. More Natalie Bakopoulos.
Almost by Chris Pavone
She never thought of herself as ambitious, until motherhood and career collided in one horrifying hospital ride
(Credit: iStockphoto/caracterdesign) It’s just before dawn when Isabel puts the final page down on the fat stack of paper that sits on the rumpled bedspread, next to an overflowing crystal ashtray and a crumpled soft-pack of cigarettes. She’d tried Wellbutrin and Xanax; she’d used patches and gum. In the end, the only thing that made her quit smoking was being pregnant.
But then, after everything, she couldn’t help but start up again. At first it was just a single cigarette per day, or two. Then it became a few, and within months she was back to full-throttle. Over the past couple of years, she’s tried to quit a few times, but not seriously. She anticipates — she accepts — failure. Because she doesn’t want to quit, not really. She wants instead to try, and fail.
Continue Reading CloseMemorial Day fiction: Are we there yet?
Salon exclusive: At the start of the summer fiction season, new stories from Chris Pavone and Natalie Bakopoulos
(Credit: iStockphoto/caracterdesign) “Are we there yet?”
It’s a dreaded sentence. When it’s spoken by an anxious child from the back seat, it’s enough to make stressed-out parents wish they’d never taken a family vacation in the first place. And even if it’s delivered as a sing-songy punch line, from an impatient partner or spouse on a long road trip, it’s an irritating eye-roller of a joke.
So this Memorial Day weekend — the unofficial start of the summer vacation season, and therefore the summer fiction season — we asked two novelists to reclaim the sentence in a new and adult context. For our latest fiction project, there was only one simple rule: Each story had to include the line “Are we there yet?” in a fresh and surprising way.
Continue Reading CloseDavid Daley is the senior culture editor of Salon. More David Daley.
“Frankenstein” remixed
This masterful new adaptation of Mary Shelley's classic novel may be the best interactive fiction yet
Whatever interactive fiction is (and we’re still figuring that out) it suffers from all the problems of traditional fiction and then some. The vast majority of novels and short stories aren’t much good, but when a branching fiction — along the lines of the old “Choose Your Own Adventure” children’s books — fails to engage, the first impulse is to blame the form rather than the content. Let “Frankenstein,” just released by Inkle Studios and Profile Books, serve as a reproach to that reflex. The app is a creative, subtle and sensitive adaptation of Mary Shelley’s classic novella, and it has singlehandedly renewed this critic’s hopes for interactive fiction.
Laura Miller is a senior writer for Salon. She is the author of "The Magician's Book: A Skeptic's Adventures in Narnia" and has a Web site, magiciansbook.com. More Laura Miller.
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