Nonfiction

Norman Mailer 1923 – 2007

Remembrances of Norman Mailer by Marlon Brando, Liz Smith, Irving Howe, Diana Trilling, Edward Abbey, Germaine Greer and other notables.

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Norman Mailer 1923 - 2007

Marlon Brando, actor: His Texas accent

One afternoon I went to a cafeteria on Fourth Street and Seventh Avenue and sat down beside two men. When we started talking, one man spoke with a thick Texas accent, so I asked him where he was from.

“New York,” he said.

“How did you get that Texas accent?” I asked.

“I was in the army.”

“But why would you get a Texas accent in the army?” I’m sure I had a look of puzzlement on my face.

“It was protective coloration,” he said, “because if you were a Jew in the army, they called you all kinds of names, teased you and made it hard on you. So I pretended to be a Texan.” He said he had been out of the army for about eight months, but still hadn’t broken the habit. Then we introduced ourselves. He told me his name was Norman Mailer. (New York, 1943)

From “Brando: Songs My Mother Taught Me,” by Marlon Brando with Robert Lindsey (Random House, 1994)

Arthur Miller, playwright: Seeking converts

We were living then in a converted brownstone on Pierpont Street whose normal quiet was blasted one afternoon by a yelling argument in the hallway outside. Thinking violence was about to break out, I opened the door to find a small young man in army uniform sitting on the stairs with a young and beautiful woman whom I recognized as our upstairs neighbor. They went silent on seeing me, so I figured everything was under control and went back into our apartment. Later the young soldier, by now out of uniform, approached me on the street and introduced himself as a writer. His name, he said, was Mailer. He had just seen my play ["All My Sons"]. “I could write a play like that,” he said. It was so obtusely flat an assertion that I began to laugh, but he was completely serious and indeed would make intermittent attempts to write plays in the many years that lay ahead. Since I was at a time when I was hammering out my place in the world, I made few friends then, and Mailer struck me as someone who seemed to want to make converts rather than friends, so our impulses, essentially similar, could hardly mesh. (I am at the age when it is best to be charitable.) In any event, although we lived for years in the same neighborhood, our paths rarely crossed. (Brooklyn, N.Y., 1947)

From “Timebends: A Life,” by Arthur Miller (Grove Press, 1987)

Lillian Ross, staff writer for the New Yorker: His goal

I had written a “Talk of the Town” story about him in 1948, when his first book, “The Naked and the Dead,” was published and became a best-seller. (“Mailer is a good-looking fellow of twenty-five, with blue eyes and big ears, a soft voice, and a forthright manner … Mailer has an uneasy feeling that Dostoyevsky and Tolstoy, between them, have written everything worth writing, but he nevertheless means to go on turning out novels.”) After that, although he told me he didn’t think much of my “ear” for his talk, we became friends … Long walks I took with Mailer … We told each other what we wanted. I said I wanted to be “the best woman reporter in the world.” (It was before women’s lib. I was deliberately careful to use the qualifying word “woman.”) He said he would be “the best novelist of our time” (no qualification).

From “Here but Not Here: My Life With William Shawn and the New Yorker,” by Lillian Ross (Random House, 1998)

Shelley Winters, actor: Looking for a film deal

… to La Pavillon for supper …

Norman Mailer sat down with us and began talking to Burt [Lancaster] about buying his great war novel, “The Naked and the Dead,” for a film. I couldn’t figure out what I could play in that book, so I kept trying to change the subject. Finally when Burt got up to call the Gotham for our messages, Norman said, “Gee, thanks Shelley. Here I am making a quarter-of-a-million-dollar sale on my book, and you keep trying to sit on Lancaster’s lap.”

I knew he was kidding, but I got very dignified and explained to him that Burt and I had just seen a great show ["South Pacific"], and it was a very romantic evening, and he was lousing it up. When Burt came back from the phone, he suggested that he and Norman meet for lunch at 21 the next day … Mailer kissed my cheek as he got up to leave and whispered, “You’re on the fast track, kid.” (New York, late 1940s)

From “Shelley, also Known as Shirley,” by Shelley Winters (Morrow, 1980)

Irving Howe, academic and critic: Sophomoric sincerity

… a young literary star, Norman Mailer — still flushed with the fame of “The Naked and the Dead” and still a bit of a fellow traveler — got up to speak [at the Waldorf Conference of intellectuals]. His speech was good, bearing the print of a new mentor, the French anti-Stalinist writer Jean Malaquais. Mailer said both the United States and Russia were drifting toward “state capitalism,” he saw little hope for peace, he regretted having to declare his pessimism.

The session over, I jumped up to introduce myself to Mailer — so baby-faced at close range — telling him I thought his speech “honest.” He grinned with that charm of his which has since brought him to the gateway of heaven and the first circle of hell. No, he said, nobody is “really honest.” Come on, I wanted to say, drop this sophomoric sincerity; but I kept quiet, and we agreed to meet again. (New York, 1949)

From “A Margin of Hope: An Intellectual Autobiography,” by Irving Howe (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982)

Gore Vidal, novelist and essayist: Interesting, long-winded

I met Mailer at the novelist Vance Bourjaily’s house. Vance and his wife had organized a sort of New York literary salon, which tended to net writer-writers rather than teacher-writers.

Mailer tells me that I was curious about his age, and that of his parents. He says that I then calculated that I would “win” as I was bound, actuarially, to outlive him. I do think that this ancient saw has a limited truth. Between outliving one’s contemporaries and the ignorance of journalists, there is something — not very much — to be said for living a long time.

Years later, Norman told me, “I thought you were the devil.” I found him interesting if long-winded. (New York, 1950s)

From “Palimpsest: A Memoir,” by Gore Vidal (Random House, 1995)

Salka Viertel, actress and author: Wisdom, naiveté

But with all our varied difficulties [with McCarthyist blacklisting], life went on … people were still drawn to Maberry Road, especially the young. One of them was Norman Mailer, who seemed a mixture of ancient wisdom and astonishing naiveté, somehow thrown out of balance by his world fame; and much too young and complicated to be married. We were very fond of him. (Santa Monica, Calif., 1950)

From “The Kindness of Strangers,” by Salka Viertel (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969)

Christopher Isherwood, novelist: Vulgarity as literature

Norman Mailer was in town (I think) because of a project to film his novel “The Naked and the Dead”… Norman and Christopher got along well together. Norman, in those days, was a deceptively quiet and polite young man who amused Christopher by his sudden outbursts of candor … my memory of Norman entertaining a fairly large group of paraplegics [involved in making the film "The Men"] at Christopher’s house. According to my memory, Christopher had asked his paraplegic guests in advance if there was any available celebrity they would like to meet. All had agreed on Mailer. He arrived on time, neatly dressed, demure and sober. The women present were obviously reassured. Then he began to tell stories about his army life — perfectly harmless funny little stories, with no horrors in them, no sex, no venereal disease. All that was startling was the dialogue. “By that time,” the sergeant was beginning to get a little bit impatient, so he said to me — ” Mailer kept the same nicey-nice party smile on his face, as he continued, without the least change of tone, “Why, you mother-fucking son of a bitch, another word out of you and I’ll ram this mop right up your ass!” The male guests roared. The women blinked and tried to smile — reflecting, no doubt, that they had read talk as rough as this in Mailer’s novel; coming from his mouth, you couldn’t call it vulgarity; it was practically literature. (Hollywood, 1950)

From “The Lost Years: A Memoir, 1945-1951,” by Christopher Isherwood, ed. By Katherine Bucknell (HarperCollins, 2000)

Adele Mailer, wife of Mailer (1951-1962): Sensitivity in his face

… I was just drifting off into sleep when the phone rang.

“Who the hell is this?”

It was Dan [Fancher]. “Del, how are you, kid?”

“I’m fine.” He sounded like he’d been drinking heavily. “Dan, it’s two o’clock. Are you okay? You must be at some kind of party.”

“No, it’s not a party. I’m at Norman’s apartment.” He was mumbling.

“Dan, I can’t hear you, whose apartment?”

“Norman Mailer, we’re just sitting around having a few drinks.”

“I thought you said he was living in Vermont.”

“Not anymore. He split up with his wife.” Dan hesitated a moment. “Why don’t you come up here for a drink?”

The cab stopped in front of a seedy old brownstone, a shade better than my tenement …

I followed Dan down the hall along a string of rooms … into a parlor with a lot of dark down furniture. I saw a skinny little guy sitting on the couch. I knew he was twenty-eight, but he looked much younger …

The boy wonder was wearing a plaid flannel shirt and dungarees, baggy on his slender frame. He looked at me, and his eyes were beautiful, not only in their color blue, but for their soft, almost melancholy expression. He was good looking, with a strong nose, a beautifully shaped sensual mouth, and a delicate chin with a small indentation. He had a lot of dark brown curly hair that I immediately wanted to touch and a warm smile that crinkled his eyes. There was a sensitivity in his face that I responded to. He half rose from his seat. (New York, 1951)

From “The Last Party: Scenes From My Life With Norman Mailer,” by Adele Mailer (Barricade Books, 1997)

Michael Harrington, author and socialist: Marvelous memory

…to a party at Norman Mailer’s huge loft over on First Avenue where, only two years out of St. Louis and goggle-eyed, I talked with writers and painters and gallery owners … Mailer — and I mean no harm to his image as an enfant terrible — is one of the nicest men I have ever known, with a marvelous memory for names of nobodies from St. Louis. In the world he dominated I became friends with Dan Wolf and Ed Fancher, who were to found The Village Voice… (New York, early 1950s)

From Fragments of the Century: A Social Autobiography, by Michael Harrington (Saturday Review Press/E.P. Dutton, 1973)

Louis Auchincloss, novelist: Writer’s true compliment

…Sunday afternoon meetings of young writers in a Greenwich Village bar called White Horse Tavern …

Norman Mailer congratulated me on a short story entitled “The Gem-like Flame” which had just appeared in a periodical called New World Writing. He gave me the only true compliment that one writer can give to another. He said that he would not have minded having written it himself. I was so pleased that I went right home. I wanted to leave one such assembly with a happy impression. (New York, 1953)

From “A Writer’s Capital,” by Louis Auchincloss (University of Minnesota Press, 1974)

Edward Abbey, writer and environmentalist: A listening, centripetal man

Last night I went to this Greenwich Village party and there was Norman Mailer, surrounded by a circle of listeners and interlocutors. I was too timid to butt in, though I wanted to very much. Fortunately, my pretty and resourceful Rita was there to help me out; she tapped the celebrated young man on the shoulder, calling out his name like a respectful acquaintance, and without wasting breath on apology or self-introduction informed him that there was someone here who wanted to meet him, then cheerfully introduced him to me and a couple of others.

A pleasant young man, Mailer. He shook hands firmly, grinned, looked at me for a moment with apparently friendly, interested eyes. (Not remarkable eyes, if I may contradict myself.) My nervousness vanished almost at once and in a moment we — three or four of us — were talking about books (his), Shakespeare, the theatre, the last war. He told us about some of his wartime experiences, how they were connected with his famous book ["The Naked and the Dead"].

I can’t recall that he said anything particularly brilliant or memorable, perhaps because he did more listening than talking. I thought him unnecessarily patient, tolerant; he had to listen to some dreadful crap: A simple young man talking about his easy life in the army, how he couldn’t understand how anyone could dislike it (he was drafted after the war was over); another guy, an insolent jerk, blowing smoke in [Mailer's] face, in his wine cup, describing in prolonged detail his experiences as a taxi driver (Mailer seemed to be sincerely interested). And so on.

Mailer had short curly sandy hair, a kind of pale fuzzy unhealthy looking face, soft brown eyes, big flapping ears, round shoulders, small hands. He is not tall, stands always in a slumped position, head between hunched-up shoulders, hands in pockets, chin on chest, cigarette dangling, the attitude and posture of a listening, centripetal man. He wore a dark brown suit, not too clean, rumpled, a short not too clean, shoes as badly in need of a shine as my own. (New York, 1953)

From “Confessions of a Barbarian: Selections From the Journals of Edward Abbey 1951-1989″ (Little, Brown, 1994)

Hiram Haydn, editor: Pugnacious

Back when Norman Mailer was submitting “The Deer Park” simultaneously to a number of publishers, after Rinehart had backed out of their contract, we [Random House] turned it down. I was primarily responsible for our decision. Yet he insisted on blaming and ridiculing Bennett [Cerf], whom he kept referring to as “Sally Cerf.”

Soon thereafter all three of us attended a party at the [William] Styrons’ in Roxbury, Connecticut. Mailer was his most pugnacious self that night. Throughout dinner he kept goading Cerf with “aspersions” on his manhood. He challenged him to “step outside.” Finally, to everyone’s astonishment, totally ignoring the twenty-five years’ difference in their ages, Bennett marched to the front door and went into the yard. Norman did not follow; he contented himself with ridicule. (New York, mid-1950s)

From “Words & Faces,” by Hiram Haydn (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974)

Jay Landesman, dramatist, producer and publisher: Amongst sycophants

Norman Mailer came to town promoting a new book. We went back to the days in the mid-1950s when he first became interested in hipsters and Beats, a piece of research that led to his famous essay on the White Hipster. Told that I was one of the originals on the Beat scene, he was extremely accessible when we got together. In London, we met up at his publisher’s party. Andre Deutsch had rounded up the usual suspects: critics, columnists, PRs, Sonia Orwell and Jonathan Miller. Surrounded by a crowd of sycophants, Mailer looked so self-satisfied in his three-piece Savile Row suit I felt it was my duty to dirty him up a little bit. Unable to get anywhere near him, I slipped the joint that would do the deed to Deutsch instead. “For Norman,” I whispered, “he’ll probably need it about now.” Instead of thanking me, Deutsch grew quite upset. “He doesn’t do that any more,” he hissed …

At dinner at our house, and later in his speech at the Mayfair Theatre, Mailer’s view of America confirmed that we’d left [the U.S.] just in time. “Fucking has become a matter of status in America,” he told a contentious audience. “The civil rights movement will never solve anything. As long as people see themselves as a minority, there is no hope for them. The matter will be decided by an increase in violence … Modern man is becoming schizophrenic, caught in a double bind, between the dream that the culture tries to sell him and the realities of life.” (New York, mid-1950s; London, 1965)

From “Jaywalking,” by Jay Landesman (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1992)

Norman Podhoretz, magazine editor: Cultural radical

It was at Lillian’s [Hellman's] home … that I first met another famous fellow traveler of old, Norman Mailer …

In the eight years since I had last seen him [speaking at a Progressive Party rally], Mailer had moved away from Stalinism .. .he had gone over to the species of Trotskyism (reflected in his second novel, “Barbary Shore”) … he soon lost faith in Marxism altogether. But here he diverged into a track of his own … Mailer in giving up on revolutionary socialism proclaimed himself the leader of a new revolution: a cultural rather than a political revolution, a revolution that would “move backward toward being and the secrets of human energy” instead of forward toward the struggle for control over a more and more highly industrialized world. In his own eyes, in other words, he was still a radical — indeed more of one than ever before. (New York, 1956)

From “Breaking Ranks: A Political Memoir,” by Norman Podhoretz (Harper & Row, 1979)

Mike Wallace, broadcast journalist: Papa for president

Norman Mailer … deigned to grace Night Beat with his presence. Mailer was then known primarily as a novelist. He had only just begun to branch out into the kind of highly charged, intensely personal journalism that would become his literary forte in the sixties and seventies. Nor had he yet developed his outsize television persona — part guru, part buffoon — that would make him, variously, an object of mirth, admiration and wonder in later years. But there is no doubt that when he appeared on Night Beat he was starting to move in that direction.

The big hero in Mailer’s life at that time was Ernest Hemingway. In fact, he had proposed in a newspaper article that Hemingway run for President because “this country could stand a man for President since for all too many years our lives have been guided by men to were essentially women.” Needless to say, I referred to the article in our interview:

WALLACE: What do you mean by that — men who were essentially women? Who among our leaders is so unmasculine that you regard him in that light?

MAILER: Well, I think President Eisenhower is a bit of a woman. (New York, 1957)

From “Close Encounters: Mike Wallace’s Own Story,” by Mike Wallace and Gary Paul Gates (William Morrow, 1984)

Alfred Kazin, literary critic: Cancer theory

Mailer has me to lunch at the Oak Room in the Plaza. Norman can be studiously correct and most polite when he is not pursuing his favorite demons. But even here at the Plaza he is trying, with a missionary’s sweet earnestness, to persuade me that cancer is produced by sexual repression. Cancer or no cancer, there is a fashion show going on in the Oak Room, and the models dip and circle most deliciously as they parade their sexy dresses around our table. Norman, utterly absorbed and intent on persuading me, never looks up for a moment. (New York, late 1950s)

From “A Lifetime Burning in Every Moment,” by Alfred Kazin (HarperCollins, 1996)

Paul Krassner, satirist: Spelling and doing

When Norman Mailer wrote his first novel, “The Naked and the Dead,” he used the euphemism “fug” for “fuck”. At our first encounter in [Exposé editor] Lyle Stuart’s office, I asked Mailer if it was true that when he met actress Tallulah Bankhead she had said, “So you’re the young man who doesn’t know how to spell fuck.” With a twinkle in his eye, he told me that he had replied, “Yes, and you’re the young woman who doesn’t know how to.” … (New York, 1960)

From “Confessions of a Raving, Unconfined Nut,” by Paul Krassner (Simon & Schuster, 1993)

Willie Morris, magazine editor: Well-mannered

I first met him in Austin in ’61…The novelist Barbara Probst and her husband Harold Solomon, New York intellectual exiles at the University of Texas, gave a party for him after a lecture, and he ended at Celia’s and my house for nightcaps. I saw little in that initial encounter of his reputation as a veritable Coriolanus of the city pavements. Quite the contrary. He was gracious, witty, well-mannered, and for one who had grown up among Jewish Southern boys with their sunny and expansive countenances, and deep abiding drawls, a rather nice Jewish boy from Brooklyn: short, blue-eyed, with outsized ears and an abundant crown of wiry hair. Beyond the hair and ears he had a strong, almost suffering, Jewish face, Old Testament somehow to me in its lines and contours in repose. Was it not true that he built model airplanes all through high school? …

From “New York Days,” by Willie Morris (Little Brown, 1993)

Ved Mehta, New Yorker staff writer: Pugilistic challenge

…to a party given by a New York woman who liked to entertain a lot of literati…the writer Norman Mailer and his girlfriend (later his third wife), Lady Jeanne Campbell, arrived….

The hostess brought Mailer and Lady Jeanne around, and introduced my friend to them. “You must have read Mr. Mailer’s famous book ‘The Naked and the Dead,’” she said.

I expected Mailer to lash out. I knew he got angry if only his first book was mentioned, as if to imply that his later books were not as good. Also, he seemed the kind of writer who thought his name alone was sufficient introduction. But he put on a gallant face.

“I’m very happy to meet you, sir,” my friend said. “I’ve not read your book, but now that I’ve met you I most certainly will.”

Mailer simply turned away abruptly.

I, however, was leery of Mailer still, and rightly so, for later on, without any provocation, he came back to me, thrust a fist in my face, and called me an impostor. “You are faking being blind,” he said. I thought he was referring to the visual elements in my writing, but then realized from something he said that he was talking about the way I got around. I tried to move away, but he challenged me to a boxing match outside. “If you don’t come out and fight with me, you will show yourself to be a coward,” he said. Luckily for me, Lady Jeanne intervened. (early 1960s)

From “Remembering Mr. Shawn’s New Yorker,” by Ved Mehta (The Overlook Press, 1998)

William F. Buckley, Jr., conservative commentator: Heavyweight prelim and TV show host

…a number of encounters with Mailer over the years, including a great big brawling extravaganza the night before the Patterson-Liston fight in Chicago which the press turned into a kind of polemical prelim before the main athletic event. The theater, seating two thousand, was sold out, and our exchange was published in Playboy magazine. For years, Norman had wandered all over the land ventilating his impression that he had won that debate. (1962)

From “On the Firing Line: The Public Life of Our Public Figures,” by William F. Buckley, Jr. (Random House, 1989)

Diana Trilling, author and critic: “He got my attention”

Norman and I…met…at a party at Lillian Hellman’s where he had turned to me at the dinner table with the opening remark, “And how about you, smart cunt?” I am usually addressed with appalling respect: he got my attention. We became good friends… (early 1960s)

From “The Beginning of the Journey: The Marriage of Diana and Lionel Trilling,” by Diana Trilling (Harcourt Brace, 1993)

Budd Schulberg, novelist and screenwriter: To maintain fame

When we were covering the Liston-Patterson heavyweight title fight together…Norman expressed this hunger [to be in the limelight] quite nakedly. He told me he was going to usurp Sonny Liston’s place in the winner’s circle at the press conference. I questioned whether this would be a dignified move for a novelist. Should the author of “The Naked and the Dead” and “The Deer Park” have to compete with the prizefight champion of the world? Norman’s answer was a revelation. Since he had not had a successful novel in some years (and of course, like so many gifted young Americans, had never been able to equal his first great success), he felt driven to execute a “caper” (I believe that was the word he chose) that would help to keep him in the public eye. (Chicago, 1962)

From “The Four Seasons of Success,” by Budd Schulberg (Doubleday, 1972)

Mordecai Richler, novelist: Sexual revolution

…Mailer spoke at the Mayfair Theatre. Once more you had to admire his courage, but regret his recklessness. There were more than 300 people in the theatre, an audience that included critics, other novelists, editors, and playwrights….

He spoke with regret for the eighteenth century when society was orderly and the British navy and the orgasm were both going good …He was, like most of us, against the piggish rich and for an end to the war in Vietnam….He complained about the shrinking purchase power of the pound and the decline of craftsmanship, ugly architecture, greedy doctors, and high taxation…

It was inchoate, but charming, for Mailer is certainly an engaging man. When he smiles his whole face rumples; it is suffused by the most infectious warmth. Then pulling at his ear lobe, making a fist, discovering it with something like admiration, he told us we were living through a sexual revolution. Sex, once so ring-a-ding, had been corrupted by the search for status, and now Mailer felt that all the cool cats in the house had to be brave in bed. He also seemed to think that promiscuity was a malaise peculiar to the twentieth century.

By this time I held Mailer in a double-vision. I could hear the self-inflated programmist going on and on about a sexual revolution, but what I saw was a warm chunky man of forty-two who was really saying that screwing today wasn’t nearly as satisfying as when he was a kid and that, like the rest of us, he suffered sourness and insults in and out of bed, and wasn’t it a shame, a bloody shame. (London, 1965)

From “Hunting Tigers Under Glass,” by Mordecai Richler (McClelland and Stewart, 1968)

Edmund Wilson, literary critic: On good behavior

We went…to dinner at the [Robert] Lowells’: Norman Mailer…was unexpectedly quiet — I had never met him before — not throwing his weight around… (New York, 1966)

From “The Sixties: The Last Journal, 1960-1972,” by Edmund Wilson (Farrar Straus Giroux, 1993)

Anthony Burgess, novelist: My last book

…at a party given by Panna Grady in Manhattan…a literary hostesss of strange but compelling beauty, had her apartment filled with the great cultural names of the period…Norman Mailer, who said: “Burgess, your last book was shit.” (New York, 1966)

From “You’ve Had Your Time,” by Anthony Burgess (Heinemann, 1990)

Andre Dubus, novelist: Using “Advertisements”

…my editor phoned and summoned me and my wife to New York…we would have lunch at the Algonquin with the publisher and the house lawyer… …….

I turned on the bedside lamp. On the floor was Mailer: a paperback copy of “Advertisements for Myself.” I had not started reading it, but there it was, and I picked it up and read Mailer, who by then had endured every writer’s peril I could imagine…

Mailer was at the Algonquin. I saw him as we walked in, Pat and my editor and I. In the night, he had been with me, and now he was eating lunch with a woman. We were passing him, he was on our right, and farther down the room, the publisher and house lawyer were waiting. I told my editor I wanted to meet Mailer. We went to his table, and my editor spoke to him, Mailer stood, his eyes merry and intent. I extended my hand and as we shook, I said: “Mr. Mailer, I spent last night reading ‘Advertisements for Myself,’ and I’m using it the way boxers use resin on the soles of their shoes before going into the ring; because I think these guys are going to screw me.”

He grinned and his eyes brightened, and still shaking my hand, he said: “Well, that book’s been used in a lot of ways, it may as well be used like this. Don’t let them get to you.” (New York, 1967)

From “Meditations from a Movable Chair,” by Andre Dubus (Random House, 1999)

Ultra Violet (Isabelle Collin Dufresne), model, actor and associate of Andy Warhol: Force of nature

In the late spring of 1968 I meet Norman Mailer at a birthday party for Senator Jacob Javits in the large Javits apartment on Park Avenue….

The minute I see Mailer, I recognize him as a force of nature. He radiates energy and belligerence. His crinkled black-and-white hair stands up; his blue eyes crackle. He is his own man, macho, cunning, provocative. Want to tell him how much I admire him for marching on the Pentagon in the huge protest against the Vietnam War and then celebrating that crusade in his book “Armies of the Night,” but I am a little afraid that if I choose the wrong words he may punch me. I’ve heard that he’ll punch anyone who antagonizes him, if he’s sufficiently booze-soaked, and I can see that tonight the booze is going down him fast. (New York)

From “Famous for 15 Minutes: My Years with Andy Warhol,” by Ultra Violet (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988)

Alberto Moravia, novelist and journalist: Public figure, always successful

…to Cape Kennedy to witness the Apollo launching…I was sent by L’espresso…Norman Mailer…there for the same reason I was. Only he wrote a book, and I wrote three articles….

…you have to understand the difference between Norman Mailer and me in a professional and social sense. I am, or at least I believe I am, a writer whose success or lack of it depends on how the book is written. Norman Mailer, on the contrary, is a public figure, and he succeeds always. He wrote a first novel, “The Naked and the Dead,” a good book, which went well. He wrote a second, not so good, and that was all right, too. He stabbed his wife, and that was all right; he married the daughter of a lord, and that was all right, too. He ran for mayor of New York and failed, but that was all right; he wrote five hundred pages on the flight of the Apollo, and that was actually all right. This said, it must also surely be said that Norman Mailer, who defines himself as a conservative revolutionary, is one of the most likable American public figures and the author of two or three important books. (1969)

From “Life of Moravia,” by Alberto Moravia with Alain Elkann (Steerforth Press, 2000)

John Updike, novelist: Hey handsome!

Mailer, as much shorter than I expected as [Robert] Lowell was taller, danced about me on a darkened street corner (44th and Second Avenue, if memory serves, taunting me with my supposed handsomeness, with being the handsomest guy he had ever seen. I took it to be Maileresque hyperbole, absurd yet nevertheless with something profound in it — perhaps my secret wish to be handsome, which only he, and that by dim streetlight, at a drunken hour, has ever perceived. (New York, c. 1970)

From “Picked-Up Pieces,” by John Updike (Alfred A. Knopf, 1975)

Germaine Greer, feminist and author: Positively blowsy

When at last I met the great man he was sitting in a snot-green dressing-room at the New York Hall, lit like a matinée idol, being photographed by a very apologetic (and rather plain) professional. Mailer feigned butch embarrassment, while I wondered if the star treatment was altogether normal, for Mailer does not strike one as a great photogenic. I was asked to pose beside him. ‘You’re better looking than I thought,’ he said. ‘I know,’ said I, remembering his descriptions of women’s liberationists…My convent education prevented me from saying how disappointed I was. I expected a hard, sort of nuggety man, and Mailer was positively blowsy. I contented myself with saying that his eyes were less blue than certain retouched colour photos had led me to believe. (New York, 1971)

From “The Madwoman’s Underclothes: Essays & Occasional Writings 1968-1985,” by Germaine Greer (Picador/Pan, 1986)

Jill Johnston, journalist and dance critic: Rude to me

…I was seated next to Mailer himself on the stage at Town Hall for the scandalous public forum on feminism that he moderated….Though I never liked Mailer or his writing, his outrageousness was an example that entered my own gestalt during the sixties. Moreover, the very vehicle of my fame, the Village Voice, was partially owned by Mailer, who had founded the paper in 1955 along with Dan Wolf and Ed Fancher….Mailer, who I could only suppose abhorred me personally (if not because of his attack on feminism, then because he was rude to me whenever I saw him), introduced me as “the master of free association of the Village Voice.” (New York, 1971)

From “Paper Daughter: Autobiography in Search of a Daughter, Volume II,” by Jill Johnson (Alfred A. Knopf, 1985)

Henry Grunwald, editor of Time magazine: Left-conservative

A long feud between Mailer and Time began, as he later explained to me, with a savage review of his second novel, “Barbary Shore” [1951]… So after I took over as managing editor [in 1970], I decided it was time for a truce, and I wrote to him suggesting a meeting. To my surprise, he agreed. Mailer walked into the Brussels Restaurant with that strange rolling gate suggesting a wary prizefighter, a diffident and engaging smile on the ruddy face beneath the Brillo hair. We realized quickly that we would like each other much better than we had anticipated. He thought me less of a hawk than he had expected, and I found him less radical than I expected. In fact, I thought him deeply conservative—left-conservative, as he put it. He declared himself bored by Marxism, but his conservatism was not so much political as instinctive and atavistic.

…..

Much later Mailer and I reminisced about the sixties. We were both drinking mineral water, not martinis. He had grown stouter, grizzled and patriarchal and in many ways even more conservative. … (New York)

From “One Man’s America: A Journalist’s Search for the Heart of His Country,” by Henry Grunwald (Doubleday, 1997)

Sally Quinn, print and broadcast journalist: “Poison Quinn”

…Norman Mailer and Norman Rosten. They both had books on Marilyn Monroe coming out that month. August 6, the day we were to go on the air [CBS Morning News], was the eleventh anniversary of Monroe’s death. That sounded jazzy, and Mailer is always entertaining, if not a little dangerous, to take on live. Earlier that year I had covered his fiftieth birthday party for the Post and afterward he had referred to me in The New York Times Book Review as “Poison Quinn,” which of course gave me a modest cachet. I didn’t know whether Mailer was annoyed with me or not, though we had maintained a sparse and arch correspondence since.

He was to have a press conference that afternoon at the Algonquin Hotel. I waited around through the conference and, as I tried to approach him, his female secretary pushed me away, telling me that Mailer refused to speak to me because he was so furious. I tried crawling behind a curtain and inching my way toward him, but the same secretary, dressed from head to toe in a leather motorcycle outfit, threatened to crush me personally if I didn’t leave Mailer alone.

So much for Norman Mailer. (New York, 1973)

From “We’re Going to Make You a Star,” by Sally Quinn (Simon and Schuster, 1975)

Andy Warhol, pop artist: Looking Irish

…to Norman Mailer’s in Brooklyn Heights. He used to live in a whole house but now he lives on just the top and rents the bottom out and he’s had the front part made all glass looking out over Manhattan and it’s beautiful.

Wall to wall, it was an intellectual party like from the sixties…Norman looks good now, white hair, looks Irish. His little mother was there…. (1976)

From “Diaries,” by Andy Warhol (Warner Books, 1989)

Liz Smith, gossip columnist: Liked my column

I had been bylining the Liz Smith column [in the New York Daily News] for a year when I first met Norman Mailer at a cocktail party on the Upper West Side. I can’t remember the host and would like to bless his name, but I had been watching the Aquarian closely before he turned and came my way. He introduced himself. I made some gushing remarks. “You are one of my heroes!”…

He seemed genuinely amused by this outpouring, said something nice about liking my column, finding it fresh and engaging. This turned my head all the way around. (New York, mid-1970s)

From “Natural Blonde: A Memoir,” by Liz Smith (Hyperion, 2000)

< Edward Robb Ellis, journalist, author: Short and fat

…the B. Dalton book store at 666 Fifth Avenue had announced that Normal Mailer would appear there today to autograph copies of his latest book, The Executioner’s Song…

…….

…I saw him and instantly had two impressions: Short…Fat. Although I knew Mailer had put on weight, I was unprepared for the sight of a man with such a thick body. I would have known his face had I passed him on a street — which, in fact, happened to me many years ago.

Stepping down into the pit, Mailer held out his arms, flashed a smile and said: “This is the first time in my life I ever signed books, but I’m glad to do it for such a worthy cause.” Meaning, of course, that the proceeds would go to the Public Library.

Mailer is perhaps five feet eight inches tall. He wore a dark jacket, a maroon turtleneck sweater, tan slacks and black Oxfords. I sat 15 feet from him. His rumpled hair is now not just gray but rather the color of silver. It is thinning out a the top of his head. He has grizzly eyebrows, a rutted forehead, electric blue eyes and a ruddy complexion. This morning he must have cut himself shaving, because there was a tiny bandage on the left side of his chin.

A sunburst of laugh wrinkles radiates from his eyes. Mailer is 56 years old. He smiled often and spoke in a soft voice, which somewhat surprised me, for I’ve seen him ever so boisterous on television. His hands are square, fingernails clean….

…Many folks carried not only “The Executioner’s Song,” but also copies of his previous books which they wanted autographed, and Mailer obliged them….

I began to think I’d better get in line myself, but when I arose and walked back along it, I discovered it consisted of more than a hundred people, so I decided to leave without an autograph because I had been privileged to sit near him, to observe him. (1979)

From “A Diary of the Century: Tales from America’s Greatest Diarist,” by Edward Robb Ellis (Kodansha International, 1995)

Milos Forman, film director: Film role

A number of the characters in “Ragtime” were based on real people. Studying their portraits in old magazines and books, I noticed that one of them, the famous architect Stanford White, looked remarkably like Norman Mailer. There was additional symmetry to their lives because both men had unleashed famous tabloid furors, so I asked Mailer, whom I’d met socially, if he’d be interested in reading for the small role. Mailer did a fine audition, and I cast him as Stanford White.

When it came time for him to act, I was as jittery at the prospect of directing the great and notorious author as he was about acting, though he didn’t react the way a nervous actor typically does. He didn’t snarl at me or launch into an abrupt monologue about some long-winded abstraction as my actors sometimes do when they’re at a loss over something in the scene. He struggled bravely with the role. I like him a lot in the film. (New York, 1980)

From “Turnaround: A Memoir,” by Miloš Forman with Jan Novak (Villard, 1994)

Martin Amis, novelist: Missing booze

In his three-storey brownstone apartment in Brooklyn Heights, overlooking New York Harbor and the Dunhill lighters of Manhattan, Mailer perched on a stiff-backed chair, and told me to sit on the old velvet sofa. “I can’t sit on a soft chair. I writhe around a lot. Hurts my back,” he said with an apologetic wince.

Mailer’s sixth wife, the dark-eyed model and actress Norris Church…sat imposingly near by, reading a buxom magazine.

His face is more delicate and less pugnacious than you would expect, the body more rounded, dapper and diminutive. The tangled hair is white but plentiful, the frequent smile knowing but unreserved. Despite his long history of exhibitionism, he no longer enjoys giving interviews. You can sense him wondering how much of his charm he will need to disclose.

Mailer watched wistfully as I feasted on my drink. “It’s the terrible price you have to pay,” he said, referring to his own eight-month abstinence. “The day just wasn’t long enough, and I have to work so hard now, to make the money. My nerves have been pretty well encrusted by booze, thank God. It’s okay. It just means there’s nothing to look forward to at the end of the day.”

“Thanks a lot,” said Norris. “What about me?”

“No, the sex is great. The fucking’s great. I just miss it, that’s all.” (1981)

From “The Moronic Inferno, and Other Visits to America,” by Martin Amis (Jonathan Cape, 1986)

Peter Whitmer, author: Friendly gentleman

…As the show [Open Mind on WPIX] was ending and the credits were running, somebody switched camera angles and came straight at Mailer from the front. His ears stuck out like satellite dishes.

The director of the show, Jan Weledman, turned on the lights and said, “I’ll take you in to see Mr. Mailer.” She led me through the door into the studio. This was it! Was there a real Norman Mailer? I almost expected to find an out-of-work, off-Broadway actor, madly gasping for air while struggling to pull off a rubber Norman Mailer mask….

What I found was an elegantly dressed, impeccably mannered, thoroughly cooperative, open, and friendly gentleman. He was seated on the dais at the round interview table, dutifully autographing a pile of books for the WPIX personnel. Finished, he buttoned his double-breasted blazer, stepped down from the dais, and shook hands politely; he was not only real, but a lot taller than I had expected. (New York, early 1980s)

From “Acquarius Revisited: Seven Who Created the Sixties Counterculture That Changed America,” by Peter O. Whitmer with Bruce VanWyngarden (Macmillan, 1987)

Francis King, novelist: Slurping beer

Although I was International President elect, Mailer totally ignored me, as did the rest of American PEN…

After my election, I thought that I had better introduce myself to Mailer. I approached him as, in jeans, T-shirt and sneakers, he lolled in a chair, slurping at a can of beer. “Oh, Mr Mailer, I don’t think that you know me. I’m Francis King. I’ve just been elected International President.” He slurped once more at the can. He looked me over. “Yeah. They wanted me to stand for International President, but I decided that I wanted that like a hole in the head.” He said nothing more. I said nothing more. (New York, 1986)

From “Yesterday Came Suddenly,” by Francis King (Constable, 1993)

Roger Ebert, film critic: Movie director, tightly wrapped

With “Tough Guys Don’t Dance,” he was determined to make a “real” movie, a commercial feature film that could play anywhere and draw the crowds on Saturday night…the location shoot in Provincetown …I visited the set in November 1986… ….

He was all bundled up in a goose-down jacket too small for him, so that he seemed tightly wrapped, leaning up against the wall at an angle, his tennis shoes braced against the floor. He had not spoken more tan six words before I recognized that he was in a good mood; he had been shooting nights and sleeping days, keeping a punishing schedule for the first three weeks of the first big-budget Hollywood movie he had ever directed, and he was not tired; the experience seemed to exhilarate him. He told me the happiest time of his life was when he directed his underground film Maidstone, and that he believed film directing satisfies a side of his personality that’s never been touched by writing….

Mailer had been fighting for years for the title of America’s foremost man of letters, and now he wanted to be a movie director, too.

From “Two Weeks in the Midday Sun: A Cannes Notebook,” by Roger Ebert (Andrews and McMeel, 1987)

“Why won’t you answer me?”

Kids' questions may be annoying -- but they're more crucial to learning than we've ever thought. An expert explains

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(Credit: Bonita R. Cheshier via Shutterstock)

Children can ask a lot of very annoying questions. Starting at about 2 years of age, they begin barraging their parents with endless queries, from “Are we there yet?” to “Why is the moon round?” — questions that often seem more like desperate ploys for parental attention than anything else. And, to make things worse, cooperative parents are often treated to a relentless barrage of follow-up questions, many of which involve one word: “Why?” Is this process infuriating? Yes. But is it crucial to their development? Far more than most of us think. And furthermore, the frequency and form of those questions can tell us a lot, not only about how children learn but also about cultural and class differences in America.

In his new book, “Trusting What You’re Told,” Paul L. Harris, a Victor S. Thomas Professor of Education at Harvard, argues that much of what we’ve assumed about our kids’ early learning may be misguided. Although many parents and teachers think of children as primarily independent “scientific” learners who best absorb knowledge by physically interacting with the world — an idea that informs everything from Montessori education to museum planning —  Harris believes it woefully underestimates the importance of dialogue in young kids’ lives. Conversation — and question asking — allows young children to grasp highly abstract concepts, from religion to history, at an earlier age. However, as Harris points out, the way young children learn can vary surprisingly between working-class and middle-class children, and people from different ethnic backgrounds.

Salon spoke to Harris over the phone about Montessori’s mistakes, Asian-American kids’ deference levels, and why working-class kids ask fewer questions.

Why is it so important to determine where young children actually get their information? 

A lot of research on cognitive development has argued that children do best when they’re exploring the world for themselves in a scientific fashion. That idea has a long pedigree. If you read someone like Rousseau, that’s what he’s basically advocating — along with more recent researchers or educators like Paget or Montessori. Even in the last decade or so there have been a lot of titles within the popular science mode that have focused on the “scientist in the crib” or the “child as a scientist.” But I think it dramatically underestimates children.

Where is this, as you argue, misguided approach to early education reflected?

If you go into a Montessori classroom, which is the archetype of this, the child is given materials to play with — be they rods or cones or things to assemble — and the assumption is that the child learns best about numbers and space from interacting with those concrete materials. I’m not quarreling with this as an educational device; I just don’t think it’s the whole story. You also see this philosophy in progressive science museums for children that pride themselves on being hands-on experiences: The child is not necessarily told very much, and he or she is encouraged to try things out for themselves.

You argue that, rather than allowing children simply to figure things out for themselves, it’s incredibly important that children learn things by interacting with adults from a young age. When does that form of learning start?

Probably before the child learns how to talk. There was a nice set of experiments where toddlers who were barely able to walk were given a slope to go down. The slope was made a little bit too steep for them to be confident on, and they’d often turn toward a parent of caregiver looking for advice. The evidence showed that if the parent looked anxious and apprehensive, the toddler would probably hesitate to tackle the slope, and if the caregiver looked encouraging and optimistic, the toddler would go ahead and try to negotiate it.

But this process of learning from others really comes into its own when the child is starting to talk, from 18 to 24 months upward. If, for example, the child puts a toy in a box in a room, and the child comes back into the room, and you tell the child that you’ve moved the toy to a different box, by around two and a half, children are very good at listening to you and will go search in the new place. This is a very early illustration of the way human children realize that the world may not be as they saw it, or as they see it, and that their best bet is to listen and trust other people for guidance.

At a certain point in their childhood, kids start asking lots and lots of inane question where they don’t even seem to be interested in the answer. It can be insanely annoying, and a lot of parents dismiss this as a way to get attention, but you argue that it’s actually incredibly important.

It’s true that children ask a lot of questions, but if you look more closely at the kinds of questions they ask, about 70 percent of them are seeking information as opposed to things like, for example, asking permission. And then when you look at those questions, 20 to 25 percent of them go beyond asking for bare facts like “Where are my socks?” Children ask for explanations, like “Why is my brother crying?” If a child spends one hour a day between the ages of 2 and 5 with a caregiver who is talking to them and interacting with them, they will ask 40,000 questions in which they are asking for some kind of explanation. That’s an enormous number of questions.

And it’s not just attention seeking. When children ask questions and you answer them, that is actually a setting for a sustained dialogue, and they’re trying to get clear in their minds about a particular issue that’s confusing to them or bothering them.

One disturbing finding you highlight in the book is that children in less wealthy families are far less likely to ask these kinds of inquisitive questions.

The most critical variable is the education of the mother. The more educated the mother, the greater the richness of the vocabulary and sentences they use with their children, and to some extent the greater the amount of time they talk to their children. One study was done in the U.K. with a group of working-class 4-year-olds and middle-class 4-year-olds, and the middle-class 4-year-olds were more likely to ask questions than the working-class 4-year-olds. This was also true not just of the single one-off questions but more persistent series of questions. That study also showed that children asked many more questions at home than at preschool, so when we send kids to preschool we’re giving them opportunities to play with other children and pretend play or whatever, but in terms of one-to-one dialogue where these kinds of sustained explorations can take place, we may be limiting the opportunities.

Children also seem to trust answers that come from parents more than other people they don’t know as well.

We’ve done a variety of experiments, and children seem to have a variety of biases that steer them more toward some informants than others. One of the most basic is that they’ll often turn to familiar people rather than strangers. Though by the time the child is 5, if a familiar person starts saying things that from the child’s point of view are incorrect or implausible, the child will become less receptive to that person.

There’s a surprising finding in the book that Asian-American children are more deferential in their early learning than others. What does that mean?

There is data comparing American children who are European-American and children from Asian-American families, and to cut a long story short, it looks as if the first-generation Asian-Americans children are more likely to scan the social horizon, more likely to listen to other people. I don’t think we should automatically jump to the conclusion that’s an intellectually inferior strategy; it’s actually an intellectually sophisticated strategy. We don’t know exactly what brings this cultural difference about, but our best guess is that it goes back to the dialogue between caregiver and children — that mothers differ in the extent to which they encourage children to voice their own opinions or record a child’s opinion as worthy of attention.

But the willingness to provide and act on what you’re told is not something that’s peculiar to any particular culture. Deference has been an important tool for the transmission of culture. Human technology becomes more elaborate, more complicated, from one generation to the next, and deference allows information to be picked up and acted upon. Chimpanzees, for example, deprive themselves of the ability to learn culturally inherited wisdom passed on from generation to generation. If we look at chimpanzee tool use, it tends to be unsophisticated; it doesn’t accumulate over generations.

You draw parallels and contrasts between childhood beliefs in  religion, in the sense of the existence of God, and in more scientific things, like germs. What are the conclusions you can draw from that?

This is another illustration of how the traditional portrait of the child as a little scientist doesn’t work. A 4- or 5-year-old child isn’t in a position to observe germs, but talk to one, and they are pretty convinced they exist. It’s perfectly routine for children to believe in things that they can’t observe, and they do that presumably by listening to what other people say and looking at the presuppositions in what people say. This is as much true of germs and oxygen as it is of special beings such as God or Santa Claus or the tooth fairy. From the perspective of the child the primary evidence they have is what other people tell them about these entities.

The making of that distinction between scientifically established and more religious or supernatural entities is far from straightforward. There’s a sense that children are a little bit like psephologists: They look at what people say around them, and they do a head count, and they see that there’s nobody who’s a skeptic about germs. But on the other hand there are very subtle signs that God has a different status. Then of course when it  comes to Santa Claus and the tooth fairy — and eventually in the schoolyard — they’re going to meet a skeptic if not several, so their belief in those entities is going to suffer a heavy blow at some point.

What do findings tell us about how children first learn about death and understand it?

They start by understanding that the body has a life cycle, and that people have these internal organs that have to be working for them to live — and that at a certain point in time the life cycle comes to an end. These internal organs cease to function. The biological account of death implies that once you’re dead, that’s it. Life has ceased. By contrast the religious conception of death typically carries with it the implication of some sort of afterlife. But it takes them a longer time to start accepting the claims that a particular community will make about the afterlife. The other interesting finding is that it’s not as if those two accounts are in competition with one another. So when children subscribe in the end to a Christian notion of the afterlife, it doesn’t lead them to abandon the biological conception. Both coexist in the child’s mind — and get recruited in different contexts.

Given your findings, how should we be changing the way we educate and parent our children?

One thing that it calls attention to is how much children can learn just by talking to people and engaging in dialogue with someone they’re familiar with. Even at a fairly young age, children can be guided to think about episodes, places, periods in history which are fairly remote from their own immediate experience. Part of the human experience is the capacity to leave behind the here and now and to think about very different times and times and places. I suppose the other aspect of the book that I didn’t dwell on, though it’s increasingly on our mind, is the fact that thanks to technology, children’s access to information is now amplified. At an early age children have these spontaneous filters. They’re trusting some people more than others; navigating the Internet, which is tricky; and many of them are left to their own devices in figuring out how to do that. It’s not as if we have educational programs which encourage children to think more carefully about where they gather information from. What we tend to do is try to guarantee that children’s access to certain misleading sources or difficult sources is blocked rather than giving them the tools to make assessments for themselves. In the future we’ll have to address that question more systematically than we do and at an earlier age.

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Thomas Rogers

Thomas Rogers is Salon's Arts Editor.

“Farther Away”: Franzen on Wallace

In a new essay collection, "Freedom's" author reflects on his best friend's suicide with betrayal, anger and sorrow

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This article appears courtesy of The Barnes & Noble Review.

Jonathan Franzen wants you to like him. In “Mr. Difficult,” a 2002 New Yorker essay, Franzen identifies two types of authorship: the Status model, devoted to the pursuit of difficult art at the expense of commercial gain, and the Contract model, which privileges the enjoyment and connectedness of the reader. Franzen is, in his own estimation, “a Contract kind of person.” His novels don’t ask more of the reader than she is willing to give in turn. “[T]o build the reader an uncomfortable house you wouldn’t want to live in: this violates what seems to me the categorical imperative for any fiction writer.”

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But if Franzen the fiction writer diligently abides by this Kantian fiat, Franzen the essayist is not in the business of building comfortable houses. In his nonfiction, Franzen violates the writerly contract he so vaunts, not by high-art subversion but simply by being a grouch. “How to Be Alone,” which appeared in 2003 two years after the breakout success of “The Corrections,” collected his essays of the previous decade into an angry bundle. Anchored by his famous Harper’s essay on the plight of the modern novelist, the book lambasted our national preference for cultural pablum and lamented the demise of a virtuous solitude. “Farther Away,” coming nearly two years on the heels of “Freedom,” follows much the same pattern. Like its predecessor, this assemblage of essays finds Franzen in a curmudgeonly mood — ranting against the encroachments of social media and other people’s cellphone “I love yous” — and like its predecessor, it contains one long essay that has already proved a lightning rod.

“Farther Away,” the essay that lends the book its title, arrived with the force of a gathering storm, an electric anticipation (literally: the New Yorker used it to bait new fans on Facebook, never mind Franzen’s public denunciation of the Like button) giving way to a blustery fracas. Here was a major novelist, possibly even the novelist of his generation, prepared to issue a public verdict on the life and work of another literary titan, his late friend and friendly rival, David Foster Wallace. And what a mournful, vengeful, bitter, sad, ambivalent verdict it was.

“Farther Away” has a deliberately inorganic quality: Franzen, having deferred the emotional work of making sense of his friend’s suicide to deal with the professional work of finishing and promoting “Freedom,” decides to isolate himself on the same remote Chilean island where Defoe set “Robinson Crusoe,” in order to contemplate the origins of the novel and work through his feelings about Wallace’s death. In Franzen’s mind, these subjects are not unrelated. The modern novel, whose genealogy begins with “Robinson Crusoe,” was born of a need to fill the leisure hours of a newly emergent bourgeoisie in 18th-century England; Wallace “in one interpretation of his suicide … had died of boredom and in despair about his future novels.” The novel was meant to be a solution to boredom, and Wallace, in taking boredom as his subject in the work eventually published as “The Pale King,” had plunged into a fatal nihilism.

While Franzen never admits subscribing to this interpretation, he has elsewhere described his and Wallace’s shared understanding of fiction as “a particularly effective way for strangers to connect across time and distance” — a conclusion that Wallace, by his suicide, would seem to have abandoned. And yet what makes Franzen angriest, and where his sense of injury over Wallace’s death begins to show through most fully, isn’t Wallace’s implicit rejection of the redemptive possibilities of fiction. It’s the way in which Wallace’s suicide has itself transmogrified into an unlikely act of connection:

But if you happened to know that his actual character was more complex and dubious than he was getting credit for, and if you also know that he was more lovable — funnier, sillier, needier, more poignantly at war with his demons, more lost, more childishly transparent in his lies and inconsistencies — than the benignant and morally clairvoyant artist/saint that had been made of him, it was still hard not to feel wounded by the part of him that had chosen the adulation of strangers over the love of the people closest to him.

The story of their friendship is the story of two great writers caught in a dialectic of mutual admiration and resentment, each finding in the other a counterpart against whom to define his own relationship both to his art and to his public. As Franzen said in his interview for the Paris Review’s “Art of Fiction” series, “I perceived, rightly or wrongly, that our friendship was haunted by a competition between the writer who was pursuing art for art’s sake and the writer who was trying to be out in the world. The art-for-art’s-sake writer gets a certain kind of cult credibility, gets books written about him or his work, whereas the writer out in the world gets public attention and money.” Some of Franzen’s bitterness in “Farther Away” seems to be directed at the ways in which Wallace’s inexplicable act thwarts the narrative he had constructed around their respective relationships to the Contract and the Status models:

[W]e who loved him were left feeling betrayed. Betrayed not merely by the failure of our investment of love but by the way in which his suicide took him away from us and made him a very public legend. People who had never read his fiction, or had never even heard of him, read his Kenyon College commencement address in The Wall Street Journal and mourned the loss of a great and gentle soul. A literary establishment that had never so much as short-listed one of his books for a national prize now united to declare him a lost national treasure.

Wallace dies not only with his cult credibility intact; he also gets public attention and money.

The fact that “Farther Away” (the collection, not the essay) opens with Franzen’s own commencement address at Kenyon makes for an instructive irony: Was Franzen ever really the populist of the two? Certainly, when we enter the terrain of nonfiction, the dichotomy begins to break down. Franzen’s essays hold his reader at arm’s length, whereas Wallace’s are more readily welcoming than his fiction. Both Kenyon speeches — Wallace’s from 2005, Franzen’s from last spring — warn against the lure of narcissism. Wallace asks the graduating class to do the hard work of consciousness, of keeping their brains from flying on autopilot; Franzen rails against the techno-consumerist threats of Facebook and the iPhone. For a talk so concerned with the importance of connecting with other people, Franzen comes across as willfully obtuse: “Very probably you’re sick to death of hearing social media dissed by cranky 51-year-olds. My aim here is mainly to set up a contrast between the narcissistic tendencies of technology and the problem of actual love.”

There are, it is worth noting, other essays in this collection: “Farther Away” is one of 22 pieces assembled from Franzen’s extra-fictional writing career since 1998. There are his environmental writings from the New Yorker, born of a midlife love affair with birdwatching; assorted literary criticism; and a handful of essays in which he uses his pedestal to plead the case of deserving, overlooked authors: Christina Stead, Donald Antrim, Alice Munro. In this last category, Franzen is at his best, shedding his perennial irritation to treat them with a nuance he fails to bring to his readings of the 21st-century cultural landscape. But it’s “Farther Away” — a document of one great writer tangling with the ghost of another — that we’re going to be reading 30 years from now. It’s the only essay Franzen has written that directs the current of anger that runs through all of his nonfiction at a subject actually worthy of it: the suicide of his best friend. His willingness to say the unsayable, to let all his ugly feelings show through, may not make him likable, but in finally writing for himself instead of for his reader, he’s given us a fitting tribute to Wallace — a confrontation with the problem of actual love.

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“When women were birds”: Reading blank journals

A writer makes sense of the rows of empty cloth-bound diaries her mother left her

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This article appears courtesy of The Barnes & Noble Review.

If you are a reader who cares about nature, wilderness, our place in nature, writing and nature, how to choose a course of action when something you care about is threatened, the lifelong search for voice, and what it means to be a woman in this world, you will have crossed paths with the work of Terry Tempest Williams. Perhaps you grew up reading Aldo Leopold, John Muir, Edward Abbey, Gary Snyder and Bill McKibben and, loving their work, still felt something missing — that your relationship with these issues was not fully rendered. Then you discovered Williams, and, not unlike Alfred Stieglitz’s famous response when he first saw Georgia O’Keeffe’s paintings, you might have breathed: “At last! A woman on paper!”

A woman on paper.

Barnes & Noble ReviewWhen Williams was 22 her beloved mother, then 54, died of cancer. She left her only daughter all of her journals, rows of cloth-covered books. When Williams opened them, the pages were blank. Disappointed, she used some of them for her own; others were put away and forgotten. Quite simply, she was too young to know what to make of them. Decades later, at fifty-four, Williams seeks an explanation for these white, white pages. The result is “When Women Were Birds: Fifty-four Variations on Voice.” “My mother was a great reader,” she writes. “She left me her journals, and all her journals were blank. I believe she wanted them read. How do I read them now?”

If you’re like many readers, your first introduction to Williams’s work was her fourth book, “Refuge: An Unnatural History of Family and Place,” published in 1991, when the author, who hails from a large Mormon clan in northern Utah, was 36. This was a memoir in which Williams tried to understand how 10 women in her family, living downwind from the atomic bomb testing grounds in Utah, had died from or been diagnosed with breast cancer. She struggled at the same time to capture a world in which the rising of the Great Salt Lake was flooding the Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge, a much-beloved ecosystem. She knew that somehow, in the deep aquifer that contains the American, the western, the feminine, and the human subconscious, these events were connected.

Williams went on to create 13 more books: essays, poetry, edited volumes. She protested nuclear testing in the Nevada Desert in the late eighties and early nineties, testified in Congress on women’s health and environmental links to cancer, opposed the war in Iraq and joined the Wilderness Society in support of the Redrock Wilderness Act, which would limit the ravaging of 5.7 million acres in that state. She has served on the Governing Council of the Wilderness Society and was a member of the western team for the President’s Council for Sustainable Development. She is currently on the advisory board of the National Parks and Conservation Association, the Nature Conservancy, and the Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance.

You might say she found her voice.

With each new book, the reader feels she knows a little more about the writer; each book is autobiographical but finds a different angle of repose. Threads run through the books like rivers — a love of birds, revelations inspired by paintings, silence and sound, a lifelong conversation with the Mormon Church in which Williams challenges, confronts, encourages, illuminates the dark corners and keeps her fingers crossed that she will not be excommunicated. Women in the Mormon Church are expected to keep a journal and to bear children (“The only things I’ve done religiously are keep a journal and use birth control.”) Williams has thought a great deal about motherhood. In “When Women Were Birds,” she writes that the first voice she heard was her mother’s. She writes about the many ways that mothers withhold their voices to allow their children to develop their own. “She spoke through gestures,” she writes of her mother, Diane Dixon Tempest, “largely quiet and graceful. A letter. A meal. A walk together. Her touch.”

Williams traces the evolution of her own voice. She remembers long hours as a child listening to Prokofiev’s “Peter and the Wolf” and memorizing the music and the voices of the animals and birds. She remembers a kind teacher who helped her to overcome a speech impediment, and some of her fear of speaking out loud, by reciting poems about birds. Her new husband, Brooke, also a lover of wilderness and wildness, understood “when I threw back my head and howled.”

And then there were the silencers: a terrifying man in Idaho’s Sawtooth wilderness who tried to kill her with an axe when she was doing fieldwork in college — the story was too terrifying to tell anyone except Brooke. Or the headmistress at the ultra-conservative school where Williams taught biology, who told her environmentalism was the work of the Devil. Or Congressman Jim Hansen, who looked over his glasses at Williams when she testified to preserve Utah’s wilderness against extractive and other industries and said: “I’m sorry Ms. Williams, there is something about your voice I cannot hear.”

And then in 2010, Williams receives a diagnosis with the power to silence: a cavernous hemangioma, “located in what doctors call the ‘eloquent’ part of my brain, or Wernicke’s brain, the home of language comprehension, where metaphor and the patterned mind live.” She is given two possible treatments: brain surgery or waiting. “How well do you live with uncertainty?” the neurosurgeon asks. “What else is there?” Williams responds. This is not my story, she thinks. This is not my story.

“When Women Were Birds” is in many ways a thank-you letter to a mother who gave her daughter the gift of words, the gift of locating herself in the world with words and the gift of recognizing, describing, and protecting beauty in the world, using words. But there is more. Diane Dixon Tempest’s blank journals gave her daughter the great gift of peace with a terrible fact: words are often inadequate. “I will never be able to say what is in my heart,” Williams realizes, “because words fail us, because it is in our nature to protect, because there are times when what is public and what is private must be discerned.” Looking at a photograph of her mother, she remembers this poem by Wallace Stevens, called “The Bird Listener”:

I do not know which to prefer,
The beauty of inflections
Or the beauty of innuendos,
The blackbird whistling
Or just after.

My mother’s journals,” Williams writes, are ‘just after.’ ”

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“Drop Dead Healthy”: A failed addition to “shtick lit”

In a book about one man's "quest for bodily perfection," the author doesn't even bother to try

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This article appears courtesy of The Barnes & Noble Review.

In “Memoir: A History,” Ben Yagoda defines “shtick lit” as “[b]ooks perpetrated by people who undertook an unusual project with the express purpose of writing about it.” He identifies “Walden” as the earliest example of the genre, which would seem to establish a respectable pedigree, but the word perpetrated leaves little doubt as to Yagoda’s opinion of more recent efforts. He can’t be alone in casting a skeptical eye on shtick-lit superstar A. J. Jacobs, the Esquire writer responsible for “The Know-It-All” (shtick: reading the “Encyclopaedia Britannica” in its entirety), “The Year of Living Biblically” (shtick: following every biblical injunction to the letter for 12 lushly bearded, annoying months), and now “Drop Dead Healthy,” evidently a reboot of Remar Sutton’s out-of-print “Body Worry.”

Barnes & Noble ReviewFull disclosure: I undertook the project of reading an A. J. Jacobs’ book with the express purpose of writing about it. My plan was to acknowledge, with a touch of self-deprecating humor, the unlikeliness of my enterprise: I know this seems like a crazy waste of time, guys, but just hear me out…. I’d suffer a few well-timed setbacks, and — this is de rigueur — get chastised by my wife for neglecting her, the kids or my household chores. (I’m not married, but if memoir can massage the truth, why can’t reviews of memoir?) I thought about failing to finish the book. In the end, I may not have made it to my goal of 375 pages, but I did learn a whole lot about the value of shtick lit. Would I do it all again? Probably not, but I’m still glad I made the effort

Well, I did finish the book, and I did learn a lot about the value of shtick lit. The truth is, despite the warnings of Yagoda and others whose opinions I trust, I was never reluctant to read Jacobs. I find autodidacticism and self-improvement fascinating, and greatly to be encouraged. When I took up Jacobs, my hope was to defend him and his beleaguered genre from the cynics, the ones who can’t believe that anyone acts in a spirit of genuine curiosity or enthusiasm. I’d point out, too, that nobody is forcing them to buy shtick lit; if they have a philosophical objection to bogus projects undertaken expressly to be written about, they should make themselves useful and campaign to abolish the college essay.

The cover photo of Jacobs mock-struggling to do a pull-up is a clue to the fatal flaw of this book. It is not going to be, as advertised, a “quest for bodily perfection.” It is going to be a litany of shortcomings, a chronicle of thwartings and chastenings. It will consist of Jacobs dipping his toes in a thousand different dietary and fitness fads and will read like a novelization of every health-scare story and dubious medical study that ever beckoned from a website sidebar or nagged you from your Facebook feed. And because Jacobs will flit from topic to topic, body part to body part, anxiety to anxiety, the reader will almost but not quite fail to notice that Jacobs isn’t accomplishing very much at all.

It’s not that I wasn’t expecting this. I’m familiar with the conventions of the genre. It just took seeing them at their most conventional to realize that they’re dragging the genre down. Paradoxically, Jacobs expended an astonishing amount of hard work to produce a book this lazy. In just two years, he learned to eat better, to lift weights, to reduce his exposure to environmental toxins, to run correctly, and so on. He shed 16 pounds, or eight pounds per year — a little more impressive than it sounds when you consider that he must have gained muscle weight in the process. He cut his fat in half. He wrote his entire book on a treadmill, walking over a thousand miles in the process.

His labors culminate in conclusions any fool could have seen coming: “I’ll incorporate much of what I learned” and “I’ll follow fitness expert Oscar Wilde’s advice: Be moderate in all things, including moderation.” It’s not even really fair to call these conclusions, since they probably appeared verbatim in his book proposal. You aren’t supposed to criticize an author for not having written a different book, but what if the book he’s written doesn’t need to exist? What if everyone already knows that health fads are zany and that moderation is good? A book trading on such modest insights had better be mind-bendingly funny. A quick test: Jacobs is sold on skin care when he sees two guys — “leather jackets, Harley tattoos” — at Penn Station, talking moisturizers. Do you find this a) funny, b) funny but implausible, or c) so Shoebox Greetings unfunny that it doesn’t matter if it happened or not?

Most of Jacobs’ humor is of the self-deprecating or auto-emasculating variety. “[A]s an experiment,” Jacobs writes, “I’ve been wearing my blue bike helmet as I run my errands.” Have you been, man? Is anyone laughing at this? Hack comedy is one thing, but what irks me is that someone gave Jacobs a great deal of money — he mentions his advance repeatedly — to challenge himself, and instead of doing that he’s screwing around with stuff like wearing a bike helmet in public. “Bodily perfection” implies that your 44-year-old carcass is going to scale Half Dome or complete Marine Corps boot camp. I don’t care that you ate a bushel of vegetables, tried on a CPAP, or submitted to the indignity of wearing Vibram FiveFingers sneakers. I’d like to see some results. As it stands, we don’t even get an “after” photo.

Jacobs’ crowning achievement is a modest triathlon: 11 minutes of swimming, 33 minutes of bicycling, and an unspecified amount of jogging, probably 3.1 miles. Here lies the problem with shtick lit: the pedestrian nature of its goals. When men get old and retire — when they become the target market for books making light of their Jacobs-like ineptitude — they tend to read a lot of biography. Why? Perhaps it’s because age, regret and self-criticism conspire to produce a craving for real achievement, or at least for stories about real achievement. Most of us have been half-assing it since the day we were born. Self-deprecation has become a reflex, a preemptive excuse — which is why books like Jacobs’ will climb the bestseller lists and, let’s be fair, actually entertain the average reader. Yet if shtick lit is ever to live up to its promise, it’ll have to abandon its jokesy “points for trying” mentality and start attempting the impossible in earnest.

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“A Slave in the White House”: James Madison and his slaves

A new biography focuses on an overlooked part of the president's life: His perplexing relationship with slavery

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This article appears courtesy of The Barnes & Noble Review.

When James Madison died, he still owned about 100 slaves. He freed none of them, not even Paul Jennings, his valet. Jennings could read and write, and in fact published the first White House memoir, declaring that Madison was “one of the best men who ever lived.” Modern biographers of Madison, such as Richard Brookhiser and Jeff Broadwater, have frankly acknowledged the shocking truth that such a politically astute and sensitive founding father utterly failed to address the problem of slavery seriously. But most, including not only Mr. Brookhiser and Mr. Broadwater, but also Kevin R. C. Gutzman, Andrew Burstein, and Nancy Isenberg, treat the issue of slavery as a thing apart, in separate chapters, instead dealing with the place of the “peculiar institution” in Madison’s life in the years after he left the presidency.

Barnes & Noble ReviewAnd yet there never was a time when James Madison (1751 – 1836), a third-generation slave owner, did not believe slavery was evil — or a time when he did not recognize the capabilities of African-Americans. In 1791, Madison wrote admiringly about the “industry & good management” of a free African-American landowner who could read, keep accounts and supervise six white hired men on a 2,500-acre farm. In April 1800, Madison dined with Christopher McPherson, a confident and free African-American, who came as a guest to Madison’s plantation home, Montpelier, to deliver books and letters that Madison and Jefferson sent to each other. During Madison’s terms as president, he often heard out his private secretary, Edward Coles, who objected to slavery as a violation of the natural rights doctrine that Jefferson and Madison espoused. In 1816, Jesse Torrey, a zealous abolitionist, visited Montpelier and treated Madison to a tirade against slavery, afterward sending a letter of apology — only to receive, in reply, a letter from Madison saying no apology was necessary. In 1824, Madison endured with good grace the disapproval of Lafayette, then on a triumphal tour of the United States, who visited Montpelier and told off the retired president, expressing disgust that both Jefferson and Madison, such champions of liberty, should still own slaves and support such a vile institution. In 1835, Harriet Martineau, an outspoken abolitionist and an old friend of Madison’s, visited him for the last time, afterward reporting that her host “talked more on the subject of slavery than on any other, acknowledging, without limitations or hesitation, all the evils with which it has ever been charged.”

Like Madison himself, his biographers treat slavery as a kind of dirge, faintly heard offstage and nearly drowned out by the stirring music of the freedom fighters making an American Revolution and the framers of the Constitution going about the glorious work of creating a democratic republic. Elizabeth Dowling Taylor, however, wants us to listen to that more troubled theme, and the result is a revelation. In “A Slave in the White House: Paul Jennings and the Madisons,” we’re asked to consider Madison as a “garden-variety slaveholder”: “He followed the basic patterns and norms for slaves’ living conditions and treatment that had long been established on Virginia plantations and like most owners respected the customary “rights” — such as Sundays off — that enslaved people had come to consider their due.” If it is not oxymoronic to say so, Madison was a humane slaveholder. He was also not very enterprising, in that his human holdings constituted — as they did for Jefferson — a losing economic proposition. As soon as her husband died, Dolley Madison, whose Quaker father had freed his slaves, sold off batches of her slaves in order to pay off debts.

Ms. Dowling crafts a narrative in which African-Americans are virtually never out of sight. And that makes a great deal of sense: It is unlikely that Madison ever spent a day without relying on the services of a slave. He took at least one of them with him when he traveled. And Paul Jennings was the last one out the door, clutching some of Dolley Madison’s treasures, as the British advanced during the War of 1812 and set fire to the White House.

Harriet Martineau observed with some surprise how Madison could discourse on the evils of slavery, even as slaves served him at table. It is that Madison we see in Ms. Dowling’s narrative. Here is a sample sentence: “The Virginia Resolutions [1799] was yet another appeal against tyranny that Madison drafted at the place where he lived with scores of slaves.” When Lafayette comes to Montpelier, Jennings is there beside Madison, listening, although we do not know what the slave thought. And this silence forces Ms. Dowling, all too often, to resort to what “must have been” going through Jennings’ mind. It is no wonder, then, that most historians and biographers are much more comfortable dealing with Madison’s well-documented mind. Thus Kevin R. C. Gutzman writes a stirring narrative, showing his subject’s dexterity as politician and statesman, while Andrew Burstein and Nancy Isenberg portray how well the tag-team of Madison and Jefferson served their country.

The concluding pages of Richard Brookhiser’s concise biography seem to come closest to revealing why the mild-mannered Madison both deplored slavery and supported it; started the War of 1812, even as he was trying to negotiate peace with the British; and fought stoutly for maintaining the Union, even as he remained very much a son of the South. Mr. Brookhiser sees Madison as the epitome of the legislative mind. Madison was the man of principles who made deals, making sure the words “slave” and “slavery” did not appear in the Constitution, but also paying off his Southern vote-counting brethren with the three-fifths compromise. Slaves were partial “persons” for purposes of exerting political power. This political accommodation jibed with Madison’s statement that slaves were part of his family, but only a “degraded” part.

The legislative mind, Mr. Brookhiser suggests, has trouble with the idea of exerting executive power. Since Madison believed that he could secure no agreement among slaveholders to abolish slavery — let alone arrange some kind of compact with the North — then nothing could be done short of shipping African-Americans off to Liberia. But that strategy would work only if African-Americans themselves consented, Madison argued, and most did not. And the cost of reimbursing slaveholders proved a problem too large for Madison’s limited capacity as an economist.

But there is an even more important factor to consider in exploring why Madison, a mover and shaker of public opinion when it came to engineering such triumphs as the “Federalist Papers” to support the Constitution, never mounted a credible campaign to abolish or even attenuate the institution of slavery. From 1780 to 1784, William Gardner, Madison’s slave, resided in Philadelphia with his master, who attended meetings there of the Continental Congress. Upon Madison’s return to Virginia, Madison left Gardner behind, writing that his factotum’s mind had been “tainted” with ideas — the “contagion of liberty,” as Elizabeth Dowling Taylor puts it. This episode is reminiscent of that scene in Frederick Douglass’s autobiography when his white mistress is advised not to teach him to read, because doing so will only give him “notions” that do not befit a slave.

Madison’s idea of the American polity had no place for educated black men and women, let alone the masses of freed slaves that he believed had trouble governing themselves. No matter which biography you read, all of them eventually disclose this fundamental fact: Madison did not believe that white and black Americans could live side by side on terms of equality and amity. His failure to imagine a world more capacious and tolerant than his own helps explain a good deal of subsequent history, and America’s resistance to the very practice of equality that Madison otherwise did so much to foster.

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