The court papers allege that some of the ring’s members were husband and wife and that they used invisible ink, coded radio transmissions and encrypted data and employed methods such as swapping bags in passing at a train station.

Farbiarz called the arrests “the tip of the iceberg” of a conspiracy by Russia’s intelligence service, the SVR, to collect information inside the U.S. The arrests raised fears that Moscow has planted other couples.

Such deep-cover agents are known as “illegals” in the intelligence world because they take civilian jobs instead of operating inside Russian embassies and military missions.

Russian officials initially denounced the arrests as “Cold War-era spy stories” and accused elements of the U.S. government of trying to undermine the improving relationship between Moscow and Washington. But the White House and Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin expressed confidence that the arrests would not damage ties between the two nations.

At a court hearing Monday in federal court in Manhattan, where Chapman was jailed without bail, her attorney called the case against her weak. He said she had visited the United States on and off since 2005 before settling in Manhattan to start a business.

Chapman took an apartment a block from Wall Street and began using online social networks, including LinkedIn and Facebook, to develop business contacts and to market her skills. On her LinkedIn page, Chapman is listed as the chief executive officer of PropertyFinder Ltd., which maintains a website featuring real estate listings in Moscow, Spain, Bulgaria and other countries.

Biographical information on Chapman on the Lifenews.ru website said she was the daughter of a Russian diplomat, who at one time worked in Kenya. It said she moved to Britain after marrying a Briton whose father was Europe director for Auchan, the French supermarket chain, which operates many stores in Russia.

“Love launching innovative high-tech startups and building passionate teams to bring value into market,” Chapman’s LinkedIn summary says.

She lists previous jobs at an investment company and a hedge fund in London. The summary also says she earned a master’s degree in economics at a Russian university in 2005.

In more than 90 photos posted to Facebook, Chapman is pictured in various countries, including Turkey, where she is in one of the rooms of the luxurious Hotel Les Ottoman, in Istanbul. There are also what look like family photographs from Russia and photographs of her dressed in a student uniform.

Her Internet footprints also include a photo of her posing with a glass of wine between two men at the Global Technology Symposium at Stanford University in March — it cost more than $1,000 to attend — and video clips, speaking in Russian about the economic opportunities in her adopted home.

Media reports quickly branded her a femme fatale, and tabloids splashed her photos on their front pages.

An acquaintance, David Hantman, owner of a New York real estate company, described Chapman as “pleasant, very professional, friendly.”

“There’s nothing too crazy about her that I knew of,” he said.

A criminal complaint alleges that, unbeknownst to her business contacts such as Hantman, Chapman was using a specially configured laptop computer to transmit messages to another computer of an unnamed Russian official — a handler who was under surveillance by the FBI.

The laptop exchanges occurred 10 times, always on Wednesdays, until June, when an undercover FBI agent got involved, prosecutors said. The agent, posing as a Russian consulate employee and wearing a wire, arranged a meeting with Chapman at a Manhattan coffee shop, they said.

During the meeting, they initially spoke in Russian but then agreed to switch to English to draw less attention to themselves, the complaint says in recounting their recorded conversation.

“I need more information about you before I can talk.”

“OK. My name is Roman. … I work in the consulate.”

The undercover said he knew she was headed to Moscow in two weeks “to talk officially about your work,” but before that, “I have a task for you to do tomorrow.”

The task: To deliver a fraudulent passport to another woman working as a spy.

“Are you ready for this step?” he asked.

“S—, of course,” she responded.

The undercover gave her a location and told her to hold a magazine a certain way — that way, she would be recognized by a Russian agent, who would in turn confirm her identity by saying to her, “Excuse me, but haven’t we met in California last summer?”

But Chapman was leery, prosecutors said.

“You’re positive no one is watching?” they say she told the undercover agent after being given the instructions.

Afterward, authorities say, she was concerned enough to buy a cell phone and make a “flurry of calls” to Russia. In one of the intercepted calls, a man advised her she may have been uncovered, should turn in the passport to police and get out of the country.

She was arrested at a New York Police Department precinct after following that advice, authorities said.

In a video clip on a Russian website focused on investment in hi-tech start-ups, she talks about her ambitions to create a venture fund that would invest in projects in Russia and discusses the business opportunities offered by New York.

“Nothing has excited me more in life than the number and level of people I have met here. This place is full of ideas,” she said in Russian.

“I’m trying to create a project that would connect two capitals — New York and Moscow — the two most important cities for me in the quest for ideas,” she says.

Asked how someone new to business can meet the right people in New York, she says, “America is a free country, and it’s the easiest place in the world to meet the most successful people. … Here you can go out for dinner with your neighbor and meet a top venture capitalist.”

Authorities say the undercover’s parting words to her had been, “Your colleagues in Moscow, they know you’re doing a good job. So keep it up.”

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Contributing to this report were Associated Press writers Pete Yost in Washington, D.C., and David Caruso and Eva Dou in New York and Nataliya Vasilyeva, David Nowak and Vladimir Isachenkov in Moscow.