E-books

Is Google leading an e-book revolution?

The search giant takes aim at Amazon in the battle for the booming market in digital books

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Is Google leading an e-book revolution?

By the time Google eBookstore finally launched on Monday, it was already being touted as a revolution in the marketplace for digital books. It offers more titles — nearly 3 million free, public domain books and “hundreds of thousands” of newer books available for purchase — than any other retailer, and promises every customer “seamless” cloud-based access to their personal e-book library from (almost) any device, no matter where they are.

Whether these features will mean much to the average e-book reader, however, is another matter. Sales of e-books have grown by triple-digit rates in the past year, and industry experts predict no immediate end to the expansion, given that e-reader devices and tablet computers are expected to be popular gifts this holiday season. For every person I’ve met who swears she will never be lured away from her beloved print books, there’s another who raves about finally reading “Middlemarch” on his smart phone during his daily wait for the bus and someone else who reports devouring twice as many books as she did before she got a Kindle.

But if the e-book boom shows us anything, it’s that there’s an infinite variety to what people want from their books. For some, the immateriality of an e-book is a deal-breaker — they can’t pass it on to a friend or sell it to a used bookstore once they’re done with it. For others (like me), this is a feature, not a bug; I can retain a copy of it without having to clear space in the overflowing shelves of my small apartment, and I never have to figure out where I put the thing if I happen to want it in the future. (I’m always misplacing books, so this is a big plus for me.)

Google eBookstore addresses a complaint many have lodged against Amazon’s Kindle: The books bought for it can only be read using Kindle software. This would be a major problem if there weren’t Kindle apps for iOS and Droid devices, as well as for Windows and Mac computers; I don’t own a Kindle, but I own several Kindle e-books and read them on my iPhone and iPad. What I can’t do with my Kindle books is read them on a friend’s iPad during a visit, or on a shared work computer if I want, say, to point out an interesting passage to a colleague. Google’s e-books will be accessible via a user’s Google account from any device that runs a Web browser (that includes tablet computers and smart phones), as well as via apps designed to run on various mobile platforms. I can also read my Google e-books on a Nook or Sony Reader, should I ever decide to buy one, something I can’t do with Kindle titles. But remember: You also can’t use your Kindle to read any e-books you buy from Google.

So let’s review: Google eBooks is a big improvement on the Kindle (still the most popular dedicated e-reader device) if you anticipate wanting to switch from one dedicated e-reader device to another, but if you’re switching to an iPad, then it’s a wash. On the other hand, if you’re a student at the library one afternoon without your Kindle or iPad and you want to be able to access a Kindle book you bought for a class, you’re out of luck. (If that last example strikes you as an exotic scenario, bear in mind that while Kindles are the most popular dedicated e-reader devices, the majority of people who read e-books still read them on a laptop or desktop computer, and many of these readers are students.) Your Google e-books, however, can be read on the library’s computer using a Web browser. But hold on a minute! — Amazon just announced that it will be introducing its own Web-browser-based Kindle reader in a month or so.

In other words, figuring out which e-book system will best meet your needs is really, really confusing. News reports on the latest developments tend to be full of glaring errors — the most common assumption being that you have to have a Nook or a Kindle e-reading device to read Nook or Kindle e-books. And keep in mind that there are also several other smaller e-book formats, devices and vendors, every one of which offers the same public domain titles. If you want to read mostly classics, you might prefer the look of one of these other formats to that of any of the major players. One advantage to the iPad/iPhone is that I’m able to buy and read Kindle, Nook, Stanza and Google e-books as well as use public-domain-only apps like Eucalyptus, a favorite of one of my Salon colleagues. Most public-domain book apps are free, but she was willing to pay for Eucalyptus (which, alas, has only been released for the iPhone) because its superior design makes reading that much easier.

If you’re intrigued by e-books but don’t want to deprive your local independent bookstore of your patronage, Google eBooks may have the answer to your dilemma. Google has formed partnerships with several indie bookstores, enabling them to sell Google eBooks from their websites for a cut of the sales. This a great way to support neighborhood bookstores and it also allows Google eBookstore customers to partake of the expertise of people whose life’s work is connecting readers with the right books. Booksellers also make the best ambassadors to late adapters. The explanation of Google eBooks on the website of the legendary Tattered Cover bookstore in Denver, for example, is much clearer and more comprehensive than the one offered by Google itself.

Then there’s the issue of selection. I don’t doubt that Google eBooks carries more titles than the Kindle store, but that distinction is only meaningful if the additional titles happen to be books you want, and you can figure out how to find them. I spent a few hours banging around on Google eBookstore, comparing it primarily to Amazon’s Kindle store, and came up with some interesting results.

The first is that Google eBookstore isn’t necessarily easy to search — an irony considering that the Google empire was built on search. There’s only one search field in which to enter terms, and while it’s possible to delimit the search by using such formulations as “inauthor:’George Meredith’”, this isn’t explained anywhere and there’s no advanced search page allowing you to specify that you only want to see results with, say, the title “Diana of the Crossways” and the author “George Meredith.”

Because Google eBookstore is somewhat awkwardly integrated with Google Books, a vast library of full and partial scanned texts designed more as a research tool than a store, it returns a lot more results than you get from searching Amazon. Those results will include every book that even mentions “Diana of the Crossways” or “Meredith,” in addition to the book I actually wanted, “Diana of the Crossways” by George Meredith. All these extraneous titles are merely annoyingly if you happen to have gotten all your search terms right, but I misremembered the title of this Victorian novel as “Diana of the Crossroads,” and got a pageful of results many of which didn’t seem to have anything to do with the book, such as a 1910 law text titled “The Constitution of the United States: Its History Application and Construction.”

Google eBooks does offer an e-book of “Diana of the Crossways,” but it was hard to find without the exact title, whereas on Amazon I could plug “George Meredith” in the author field and “Diana” into the title field and get the right book, in its Kindle version, as the second result. Searching on “George Meredith Diana” in Google eBookstore turned up mostly useless garbage, including dozens of weird little overpriced booklets apparently derived from excerpts from “Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations,” and, strangely enough, no copy of “Diana of the Crossways.”

Any bookstore clerk can tell you that many customers are looking for books whose authors and titles they can’t quite remember. Muddying the water with a lot of irrelevant information doesn’t help in such situations. Wanting to buy a copy of “Diana of the Crossways” and wanting to survey a list of books that mention it are two entirely different sorts of searches, and you should be able to do one without mucking about with the other.

That said, there are titles you can buy on Google eBookstore that you can’t get from the Kindle store: “Imaginations” by William Carlos Williams and “Austerlitz” by W.G. Sebald (chosen by Salon as one of the best books of the year in 2001) are two. On the other hand, I was able to buy an e-book of Dorothy Dunnett’s “Game of Kings” from the Kindle store, while Google eBookstore apparently carries none of her books. Neither store offers e-book versions of “Riddley Walker” by Russell Hoban or “Street of Crocodiles” by Bruno Schultz, two titles I recently thought I’d like to have stashed in my iPad. This is often the case with in-copyright books that are more than a decade or so old. Google may someday be able to add them to its store if it can ever resolve the endless legal disputes surrounding its efforts to scan the contents of the world’s major libraries.

One interesting aspect of Google eBookstore’s public domain titles derives from the fact that many of them began as scanned copies of library books. Using your browser or Google eBook app, you can view these books either in their scanned version — with the original type, page numbering and even library stamps and marginalia, basically photographs of the printed pages — or as searchable “flowing text,” rendered by optical character recognition. There’s been a lot of debate about the uneven quality of the scans used by Google Books; scholars have reported crumpled pages, obscuring thumbs and fingers, and smeared or blurry images. You can see evidence of some of that in the Google version of L. Frank Baum’s “The Patchwork Girl of Oz,” including duplicate pages and page clips, but it’s nice to have the option of seeing the print book’s beautifully designed pages with illustrations by John R. Neill — and even a careful inscription by the book’s original child owner, one Camilla Merriman.

Unfortunately, the public domain titles I did find in Google eBookstore were often of lesser quality than the free or very low cost versions in the Kindle, Nook and iBooks stores. The text version of Elizabeth Gaskell’s “Cranford,” for example, had obviously not been proofed and the scans of the original pages were difficult to read. The Kindle texts seem to be created from Project Gutenberg files, which are usually proofed, and some care has been taken in their design, a factor too many penny-pinching e-book buyers fail to account for in their quest for free stuff. One thing you can say for those e-book retailers who, unlike Google, are pushing a pricey gadget: They have more motivation to provide decent free or nearly free content to install on their users’ new toys.

Google eBookstore’s poor consumer interface — you can tell it was devised by people who know next to nothing about the book trade — isn’t going to introduce many readers to new books and authors. It’s about as dismal in that respect as the iBooks store, and neither can compete with the rich customer-generated metadata offered by longtime online booksellers like Amazon and Barnes & Noble. Google has incorporated reader reviews from the social networking service GoodReads, which helps, as these are often more thoughtful than the average Amazon reader review, but the “related books” suggestion lists still have some kinks to iron out — fans of Rebecca Skloot’s “The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks” are referred to a trashy novel titled “Bling Addiction,” for example.

If Google is as smart as it’s made out to be, it will realize that its indie bookstore affiliates are its secret weapon. Helping readers find new books and new favorite authors is their area of expertise. So far, though, the Google eBookstore page dedicated to its partnerships with booksellers is pretty skimpy; it shows logos for Alibris and Powell’s Books, but doesn’t actually link to their sites. For a service that claims to be “all about choice,” it still has a ways to go.

Further reading:

Google eBookstore explains itself

Tattered Cover Books on everything you always wanted to know about e-books

A list of independent booksellers who sell Google e-books on their sites

What Apple’s iBooks needs to learn about selling books

How rampant errors threaten the usefulness of Google Books for scholars

Laura Miller

Laura Miller is a senior writer for Salon. She is the author of "The Magician's Book: A Skeptic's Adventures in Narnia" and has a Web site, magiciansbook.com.

Barnes & Noble’s new color e-reader

Locking down its new Nook tablet, the retailer cripples a potential breakthrough

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Barnes & Noble's new color e-reader

The most important thing to recognize about Barnes & Noble’s new Nook Color e-book reader, a color-screen model announced today, is what the device actually is, not its primary designated function. It’s a tablet computer running the Android operating system.

But, based on what I can tell from coverage of today’s launch event and the company’s website, the Nook Color going to be a deliberately crippled tablet computer, locked down so that users can’t add apps other than ones B&N decides they can add. There’s an obvious reason for the company to do this:  to prevent Amazon from using the new Nook as a platform on which Amazon could itself compete as a bookseller. But it’s a counterproductive move in the end.

The Nook Color boasts some strong features, at least on paper, that would appear to justify its higher price (about $250) than Amazon’s smaller Kindle (about $140 for the Wi-Fi model). The 7-inch touch screen has decent resolution and, the company says, is treated for reduced glare. It’s relatively light, just under a pound, or a few ounces more than the standard Kindle but half a pound lighter than the iPad. It can run audio and video. It has a slot for a micro-SD card for additional storage, and built-in Wi-Fi. Assuming it has a processor beefy enough to power its applications in smooth ways, these are fairly impressive specs, to a point. 

Barnes & Noble will also include a “LendMe” app that lets users share books in limited ways and, if this works, make e-book reading a more social affair than it’s been in the past. And it’ll offer some add-on apps such as a Web browser and games.

OK, but this is an Android tablet (though B&N’s website doesn’t tell us which version of the operating system it’s using). And tens of thousands of third-party applications run on Android phones and early tablets using the operating system.

Not the Nook. It’s locked down tight, at least for the moment.

Why? If B&N allowed its customers to actually use the devices they’d purchased the way they wanted to use them, some of them would immediately download Amazon’s Kindle application for Android devices. And then, duh, they’d buy e-books from Amazon instead of B&N.

This policy won’t last in the real world even if Barnes & Noble sticks by its decision. The gadget hacker community that has jailbroken Apple’s locked-down iPhone has done something similar with Android phones that mobile carriers have brazenly crippled for their commercial advantage. So I give it a few weeks after the scheduled mid-November Nook Color release before our friends in the gadget-jailbreaking world give us a way to unlock that device, too.

At which point, I have to say, I’ll consider buying one. At the moment, no way.

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A longtime participant in the tech and media worlds, Dan Gillmor is director of the Knight Center for Digital Media Entrepreneurship at Arizona State University's Walter Cronkite School of Journalism & Mass Communication. Follow Dan on Twitter: @dangillmor. More about Dan here.

Verizon to sell Samsung’s iPad rival for $600

Starting Nov. 11, Galaxy Tab will position itself as the Android-powered alternative to Apple's popular tablet

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The first big-name competitor to the iPad in the U.S. won’t be undercutting it in price.

Verizon Wireless on Wednesday said it will start selling Samsung Electronics Co.’s tablet computer, which is half the size of the iPad, for $600. That’s more than the basic version of Apple Inc.’s tablet.

Verizon will start selling the Samsung Galaxy Tab on Nov. 11. It has screen that measures 7 inches diagonally and runs Google Inc.’s Android software. Access to Verizon’s cellular data network will cost $20 per month for up to 1 gigabyte of traffic. The tablet has two cameras, which could be used for videoconferencing. The iPad has no camera.

Verizon will start selling the iPad on Oct. 28, starting at $499. It can’t access Verizon’s network directly, but the carrier will sell an add-on gadget for about $130 that bridges the gap, with the same $20 data plan.

Apple CEO Steve Jobs made a rare appearance on Apple’s earnings conference call on Monday. He slammed both Android and the notion of 7-inch tablets, calling them “dead on arrival.” Their screens are not big enough to justify the step up from a smart phone, he said.

Apple calls its own pricing for the iPad “aggressively low,” with margins less than most of its other products.

Google itself hasn’t encouraged the use of Android in tablets, saying that it’s designed for smart phones and that hardware makers should wait for a version adapted for tablets.

AT&T Inc. already sells a somewhat smaller hybrid of a tablet and a smart phone, the Dell Streak. It costs $300 with a two-year contract.

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E-readers gain steam with lower prices and new models

Amazon touts sales of the Kindle, reading gets revolutionized, and more competition is on the way

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E-readers gain steam with lower prices and new modelsAmazon Kindle

Amazon.com released it’s latest version of the Kindle e-reader in July, and yesterday touted the number of units that were flying off its (cyber) shelves — although exact sales figures weren’t given. The $139 and $189 gadgets have taken over a decent chunk of the market, despite having no multifunctionality or color display. And the e-ink thing is pretty cool. People who want to be able to read a book and reply to John Mayer’s latest tweet will pick up the Apple iPad instead. These devices have revolutionized the way books are consumed, and considering the dismal state of affairs in the publishing industry pre-”Harry Potter” that actually means something.

The Wall Street Journal and Tech News Daily have a few things you should consider before wading into the increasingly crowded e-book market, as well as new research that reveals folks with an e-reader tend to read a whole lot more than ever before. The Barnes and Noble Nook is trying to wrestle some market share away from the big boys, and Sharper Image just announced a new e-reader called the Literati that hopes to, maybe, nail down more male readers? It’s got a color screen, in any event.

Or you could get a library card. It’s free.

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Amazon snags exclusive deal for e-book classics

The web giant has won exclusive rights to the electronic editions of several 20th century classics

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Amazon.com Inc. says it has struck a deal that will give it exclusive rights to sell some of the great works of 20th century literature in electronic form.

An agreement with The Wylie Agency gives Amazon exclusive rights for two years to sell e-book versions of novels including Saul Bellow’s “The Adventures of Augie March” and Philip Roth’s “Portnoy’s Complaint” among others.

Amazon says it is the first time any of these books have been available for electronic readers. They are being published under a new imprint from Wylie called Odyssey Editions.

What Apple needs to learn about selling books

Without decent metadata, iBooks is even more annoying than the App Store

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What Apple needs to learn about selling books

Here’s a grim revelation: Shopping for books in Apple’s new iBooks store is even more frustrating than shopping for apps in the iTunes App Store.

Anyone who owns an iPhone can testify that despite the abundance of apps made available for the device (reportedly more than 150,000), it’s often difficult to find what you want unless you already know what it is. If you’re interested in browsing through apps designed, say, to help you manage your freelance business, you have one broad category to investigate in iTunes — Productivity — with thousands of apps doing all kinds of stuff, most of it entirely unrelated to your needs.

The Productivity category is broken down exactly two ways: “Top Paid” apps and “Top Free” apps. The raw list of the thousands of apps under the Productivity rubric can be sorted by popularity, release date and name, but there are no subcategories. Browsing through that humongous list is a nightmare: You have to click through to each app’s individual page just to find out what it does. If you know you want an expense tracker or an hours log, you can search on those words, but this rarely seems to turn up all the options, let alone point you to the best one. (There might, for instance, be a multipurpose app that can perform the desired service and more.) In the App Store, you always seem to have either too few options to choose from or too many.

Now imagine this annoying experience translated to books, a medium that, for sheer volume and diversity, utterly dwarfs the universe of apps. Almost half a million new titles are published every year, most of them appealing to microscopically distinct interests. The prospect of shopping for books using iBooks, which essentially applies the maddeningly blunt tools of iTunes to a collection of some 30,000 idiosyncratic titles (even more will be added later), is like being asked to dismantle a wristwatch with a butter knife.

I love reading on my iPad, but that doesn’t blind me to the abject inadequacy of the iBooks store. By contrast, Amazon, which has 15 years of online bookselling experience under its belt, has largely figured out the key to helping people find the books they want. It’s a little thing called metadata.

Chances are that most of the people reading this will either 1) know all about metadata and how important it is, or 2) have no idea what I’m talking about even though they are probably taking advantage of some form of metadata every day. Metadata is, simply, information about data, stored with the data. In the case of a book (the data), a particular title’s metadata would include the full title, author’s name, publisher, date of publication and ISBN number, as well as more subjective information, such as which genres it belongs to (fiction/nonfiction, biography, history, religion, etc.) and additional subgenres (science fiction, military history, travel memoirs, etc.). It can also include such information as prizes the work has won, the nationality of the author and specific details about the subject matter (“Vikings,” “suicide,” “Christmas” and so on).

The classification of books is a complex and subtle discipline that is already several thousands of years old — older, in fact, than bound books themselves. Familiar modern methods like the Dewey Decimal and Library of Congress systems are only the most recent examples; they were designed for libraries. The needs of ordinary book readers and buyers are somewhat different.

Let’s say I recently read and enjoyed Val McDermid’s “A Place of Execution,” and I want to find more crime fiction like it. On iBooks, I can discover McDermid’s other novels easily enough, but that’s pretty much it. The only other metadata about “A Place of Execution” that the Apple store gives me to work with is that this title belongs to the “Mysteries & Thrillers” category. So does Lisa Lutz’s “The Spellmans Strike Back,” a comic mystery that’s part of a series about the misadventures of a family of wacky detectives in San Francisco. Sure, they’re both crime fiction, but Lutz’s book couldn’t be more different in flavor from McDermid’s gloomy, flinty procedurals set in Northern England and Scotland.

Eventually, iBooks might collect some reader reviews for McDermid’s book; the store is too new to have many reviews at the moment, but the software does provide for it. I might learn from those reviews that McDermid writes in a mystery subgenre sometimes called “tartan noir.” If I’m lucky, the review mentioning this fact might also list some of the other authors who work in the same vein. Then I could search iBooks for their names, seeking more bleak detective fiction to feed my newly acquired appetite. But that’s a long chain of maybes.

Amazon, of course, already has lots of reader reviews, albeit of often dubious merit. But it can also show me what other books were bought by customers who bought “A Place of Execution,” and what other books have been reviewed by the reviewers of those books. Even more helpful is customer-generated metadata like tags (keywords) and lists, all created and built upon by other readers who share my enthusiasm for this type of book.

One of the tags Amazon customers have assigned to “A Place of Execution” is, yes, “tartan noir,” and if I click on that tag, I’m taken to a page listing 117 other titles by authors like Denise Mina and Ian Rankin — all great recommendations. An Amazon-hosted discussion board linked from the book’s Amazon page will tip me off to the fact that tartan noir fans also seem to like Swedish detective novels, another subgenre for me to investigate. Amazon does provide an official classification for “A Place of Execution” — “Mystery & Thrillers/Police Procedurals” — but metadata generated by other readers who are truly interested in the book is far more useful in helping me find more books to buy and read, which is the purpose of a bookstore, after all.

If iBooks follows the App Store’s example, it will eventually be willing to tell me any other books the purchasers of “A Place of Execution” bought, but apart from inviting reviews, that seems to be the limit of the metadata that the app will allow me to gather from my fellow customers. Even more baffling to the would-be browser is the relative shallowness of each category page in iBooks. The one for “Fiction & Literature,” for example, currently shows only two subcategories: recent releases and short story collections.

Presumably, the store has other fiction subcategories, but there’s no way to get to them, or even to know what they are! If I want to see which less-recent novels the store carries, I have to search for each one by title or author. A casual user could easily come away with the impression that iBooks carries only 300 titles, rather than 30,000, making it appear a lot less like a bookstore and a lot more like the paperback rack in my local supermarket.

I could speculate on the reasons behind Apple’s choices, but I won’t here; it’s simple enough to browse on Amazon for titles to read on the Kindle for iPad app instead. And as music blogger Paul Lamere has pointed out, even Amazon has barely tapped the potential of metadata when it comes to e-books. The Whispersync net that the bookseller uses to help customers keep track of where they are in a book, as well as where they’ve highlighted, bookmarked and otherwise annotated the text, contains unprecedented information about how people read.

Why not, Lamere suggests, aggregate the data and tell us which books are read all the way to the finish, bought but never read at all or, conversely, reread repeatedly? Which books are most frequently abandoned, and is it always at about the same point — a particularly description-heavy chapter or patch of tedious exposition? The possibilities are both tempting and alarming (as the blog post’s title, “Spying On How We Read,” intimates).

However far we want to take it, metadata is essential to helping readers find books when they don’t have a real, physical bookstore to wander through. As the author and blogger Mike Cane puts it in a magnificent and damning rant about how iBooks mauls metadata imported from the open-source EPUB format (admittedly, a mess in its own right), “the world runs on metadata.”

It doesn’t matter that authors can upload their self-published EPUB books into the iBooks store if potential readers can’t find those books under their relevant categories and subcategories. Or if those categories are mishandled, as happened in the infamous AmazonFail incident last year, when a nameless data handler erroneously flagged as “adult” over 50,000 titles that had been previously labeled as having gay or lesbian themes. (Books with the “adult” flag are excluded by Amazon from various automatically generated lists of recommendations and bestsellers.)

It’s become much easier and cheaper to publish a book in the past decade, but the explosion of titles on the market has its drawbacks. When faced with an overwhelming number of choices, most book buyers tend to become less adventurous, not more so. They have increasingly gravitated toward known quantities like bestsellers and widely celebrated or publicized books. The ideal guide to getting out of that rut is still a thoughtful bookseller, librarian or friend (or even critic!) whose taste you know and trust, but such people aren’t always easy to find, and even when found, they’re not omniscient. Good metadata, treated with respect and care, may be your only compass in some of the more exotic provinces of the vast world of books. It’s the little, geeky detail that makes sure a voice from the margins still has a chance to get heard.

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Laura Miller

Laura Miller is a senior writer for Salon. She is the author of "The Magician's Book: A Skeptic's Adventures in Narnia" and has a Web site, magiciansbook.com.

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