Eric Boehlert

Al the thug

How the media transformed Gore from hapless hack to ruthless pol overnight.

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Thankfully, Democratic candidate Bill Bradley made it safely out of Iowa after suffering an electoral beating at the hands of Vice President Al
Gore
at Monday night’s caucus. But readers of the
Beltway press could be forgiven if they worried the former New Jersey senator might be found
bloodied and dazed, wandering around an abandoned Des Moines parking
lot. After all, the media’s verdict is in: Al Gore is a thug.

Maureen Dowd said as much in her New York Times column on Wednesday when,
in an effort to explain his Iowa victory, she compared the vice president to TV mob boss Tony Soprano. The same day on
the Wall Street Journal’s editorial page, former Reagan speech writer
Peggy Noonan agreed there was only one reason for Gore’s Iowa win: “He
is aggressive and tough, and he is also mean.”

This conventional wisdom is hardly new. Pundits have been crying foul all winter, trying to get an imaginary referee to blow
the whistle on Gore’s supposedly trashy tactics. According to the press,
Gore has done little over the last three months but dish out an
“onslaught” of “cheap shots” (Time’s Eric Pooley), and hatch a
“diabolical” strategy in which he “passed up no opportunity to whack
Bradley” (Slate’s Jacob Weisberg), and he’s been busy “demagoguing”
(Washington Post’s Juan Williams). Gore is “a savage campaigner” (Fox
News’ Brit Hume) who’s been “mangling the truth for political gain”
(National Journal’s Stuart Taylor Jr.) and “relentless in attacking
Bradley, hammering, needling, hectoring” (Washington Post’s Mary
McGrory).

Worse, the VP has been “trafficking in fear-mongering” (USA Today’s
Walter Shapiro) and seems content to fight a “scorched-earth war” (San
Francisco Examiner’s Chris Matthews). Bottom line? Gore’s a “really
vicious politician” (National Review’s Kate O’Beirne) who “coarsens
every political campaign he enters” (Chicago Sun-Times’ Robert Novak).

Despite the cartoonish hyperbole, most opinion makers have relayed to
readers only the sketchiest of details as to what exactly Gore has done to
earn these indignant rebukes. Dowd and Noonan offered up little proof of the vice president’s presumed campaign sins.
Instead, both women simply cited other journalists’ complaints about Gore, in comical if incestuous laziness. Noonan pointed approvingly to a
New York Times Magazine piece that opined, “Gore is ruthless,” while
Dowd noted Time magazine had already come to the conclusion that “the
single most dramatic change has been Al Gore’s transformation from
wooden soldier to junkyard dog.” What more proof should readers require?

It is safe to say that most of the media’s objections have been to
Gore’s characterization of Bradley’s universal health-care proposal. The
vice president has argued that because the plan would scrap Medicaid, it
would leave too many poor people with only $150 monthly vouchers to pay
their health insurance costs. The Bradley camp answers they’re not
vouchers, and that eligible families would receive $417 a month.

No
doubt the truth is hiding in there somewhere. Has Gore played hardball
during the health-care debate? You bet. But as the Washington Post’s
E.J. Dionne reported, “Even some Bradley sympathizers concede that Gore
asked legitimate questions” about the senator’s ambitious health plan.
In other words, Gore’s opponents admit he’s raising fair points, but the
press labels him “ruthless.”

The pundits’ depiction of Gore’s mean-spirited campaign
doesn’t square with a recent Boston Globe report on the flood of campaign
commercials hitting the New Hampshire airwaves, which it described as relentlessly … nice. “It has been an air war — so far — in which hardly a
punch has been thrown. Instead the TV viewers in New Hampshire have
been blitzed with family-oriented ads featuring the contenders’ personal
histories, their wives and children, and with high-toned spots focused
on candidates’ favored issues,” wrote Charles A. Radin. So don’t go
looking for Nasty Gore on television; he has no attack ads to show you.

Meanwhile, Gore scored big in Iowa when he caught Bradley flat-footed
with a debate question about an old Senate vote he cast against flood
relief. Newsweek cried that Gore “wrenched Bradley’s flood-relief votes out
of context,” but offered no explanation as to how. Dowd tsk-tsked that
Gore was “pounding Mr. Bradley as an insensitive man who betrayed
farmers by voting against a 1993 flood-relief amendment.” Well, did he
or didn’t he? Bradley has never denied voting against Sen. Tom
Harkin’s 1993 amendment.

But could these benign back-and-forths between candidates, the kind
that punctuate every national contest, really be why campaign veterans
in the press are throwing around phrases like “vicious” and
“diabolical”? After all, only one Democratic candidate has been forced
to publicly apologize for a campaign pamphlet that accused his opponent
of “uncontrollable lying” — and it was Bradley. It was also Bradley who swung
wildly and missed the mark when he suggested Gore poisoned the 1988
presidential race by introducing Willie Horton into the debates. (In
Bradley’s own 1996 memoir, “Time Present, Time Past,” he wrote that Gore
had been careful as a 1988 candidate to discuss Massachusetts’ failed
furlough program “without racializing it.”) But the boys and girls
on the bus saw nothing hurtful in those grenades, and gave Bradley a
pass.

The last time the media pack was this unanimous about a candidate was last summer, when it pummelled a leading Democrat for his campaign missteps, his wooden persona, his lackluster fund-raising and his general unworthiness compared with his surging challenger. Yes, that was Al Gore, too. His media makeover from hapless hack to ruthless pol is one of the great achievements of the campaign to date. Dick Morris would be proud.

Ghetto trippin'

The obituaries called Curtis Mayfield a major influence on hip-hop. Too bad his followers didn't learn a thing.

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Ghetto trippin'

It’s hard to say which was sadder, reading last week about soul
superstar Curtis Mayfield’s painful passing, or realizing the obituary
was getting bumped off the music news pages by the latest high-profile
arrest from the rap world. In this case it was Puffy Combs getting
booked on weapons charges following a shooting inside a New York
nightclub. The back-to-back dispatches were an unpleasant reminder of
how Mayfield’s hope of using black music to reflect and uplift his
culture has too often been frayed by the collective actions of Combs and
others.

A towering musical presence among his generation, Mayfield redefined
soul and R&B music in the ’60s and ’70s with his soothing falsetto
voice, insightful, socially relevant lyrics and groundbreaking
guitar rhythms. A soft-spoken, religious and devoted family man,
Mayfield nonetheless embodied urban cool, sporting a gruff beard and
wearing waist-length leather jackets.

And at a time when Motown hitmakers were mum about social ills and the
dashed dreams of the big city (quick, name the label’s ’60s civil rights
or anti-war anthem, because Marvin Gaye’s “What’s Going On” didn’t come
out until ’71), Mayfield was penning songs such as “Keep on Pushing,”
“People Get Ready” and “We’re a Winner.” When heard crackling through AM
radio speakers, the songs spoke first and foremost to black America with
a message of perseverance and hope. Mayfield wasn’t above having some
fun, either; En Vogue’s sexy smash single from 1992, “Giving Him
Something He Can Feel,” was a Mayfield cover.

Contrast the complex Mayfield with Combs and too many of his rap partners who,
benefiting from the musical inroads Mayfield made, now seem solely
interested in themselves and their riches. Combs’ latest run-in with the
law — prosecutors say the rapper pulled a semiautomatic gun inside a
club, then jumped into his Lincoln Navigator and led police racing down
Eighth Avenue, running 11 red lights — came just eight months after he
was accused of breaking a record company executive’s jaw. (Combs skated when the exec reportedly accepted the rapper’s $500,000 out-of-court
settlement offer.)

Meanwhile, the same day last week when readers found out about Combs’
weapons charges, they saw wire reports that rapper Eminem, last year’s
breakout star, who rhymed about killing his daughter’s mother and then
stuffing her body in the trunk of a car, was being sued for slander by
his grandmother. She objected to Eminem’s plan for an upcoming track that
may include using an old recording of his uncle who died in 1991.
This, just three months after the rapper’s mother filed a $10 million
slander suit against him. He told the music press she was a chronic drug
user.

Meanwhile, over the same weekend, rapper Noreaga was busted on drug
charges. And of course just four weeks ago, superstar Jay-Z made
headlines when he had to post $50,000 bail after being arrested for
stabbing music exec Un Rivera at a New York club.

Several obituaries suggested Mayfield’s seminal work, the No. 1
soundtrack to “Superfly” (1972), laid the groundwork for today’s
hardcore rap music. Mayfield was certainly among the first to give
mainstream listeners a guided tour through ghetto drug life. And to an
extent, there are several now-familiar portraits in songs like “Little
Child Runnin’ Wild” (“Broken home/Father’s gone/Mama tired/So he’s all
alone”), “Freddie’s Dead” (“Another junkie plan/Pushin’ dope for The
Man”) and of course, Mayfield’s soul classic, “Pusherman” (“I’m your
Mama/I’m your Daddy/I’m that nigga/In the alley”).

True, Mayfield never would have used the overtly violent images NWA
opted for on “Straight Outta Compton,” but the groundbreaking gangsta
rap group was, in a sense, picking up where the singer left off,
describing the hard-as-nails pain and frustration of ghetto life. And to
this day scores of rappers such as Lauryn Hill tap into Mayfield’s
legacy by building songs around reliance and faith.

But the crucial difference between the celebrated soul singer and so
much of today’s hip-hop is that while Mayfield chronicled the vicious
cycles of the inner city, he never glorified them. In fact, as he told
writer Alan Light during a 1993 Rolling Stone interview, Mayfield was concerned when
he finally saw the action-packed, blaxploitation classic about a Harlem
pusher looking to get out of the drug game. “You could see the surface
was quite glitzy with the clothes, and the cars — in many ways it
looked like a cocaine commercial!” said the singer from his bed, where
he spent the last nine years of his life following an onstage rigging
accident that left him paralyzed. “That sort of pushed me the wrong way
when I was watching it.”

Mayfield explained that the music to “Superfly” was written specifically to
counter the images of the film. “I did the music and lyrics to be a
commentary, as though someone was speaking as the movie was going.” Not
surprisingly, Mayfield’s sometimes preachy drug lament, “No Thing on Me
(Cocaine Song),” also from “Superfly,” sounds like it was sung by a
man who’d seen too many friends fall to addiction.

Compare that with the approach of today’s bestselling rap acts. Back in
early December when Jay-Z was booked for assault, an editor at rap
magazine the Source told a newspaper reporter the news was doubly
shocking because Jay-Z represented the “thinking man’s rapper.” Hmmm.
Here’s a quick lyric sample from “It’s Alright” and “Nigga What, Nigga
Who (Originator ’99),” two songs off his 1998, four-times platinum “Vol.
2: Hard Knock Life” album:

“We can ill if you wanna ill, smoke if you wanna smoke
Kill if you
wanna kill, loc if you wanna loc
It’s all right, you heard? It’s
all right, yeah yeah
I need a ho’ in my life to blow on my
dice”

“Motherfuckers wanna act loco,
Hit em wit, numerous shots with the
.44
Faggots wanna talk to po-po’s,
Smoke em like coco
Fuck
rap, coke by the boatloads
Fuck dat, on the run-by, gun high, one
eye closed”

Mayfield, who infused his music with calls for community, respect,
self-determination and hope, no doubt would have been heartbroken to
think he had a hand in inspiring a generation of young stars who
broadcast to America a picture of black culture focused on guns, drugs
and whores.

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Gore's premature obituary

The media hyped the vice president's dip in the polls over the summer, but ignored his resurgence in the past month.

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Stick a fork in Al Gore — he’s done, right? The pundits said Gore gave a manic, sweaty performance at the Dartmouth College Town Hall forum late last month, and then stumbled right into the Naomi Wolf, alpha-beta mess. “If he becomes president,” chuckled the Washington Post’s David Maraniss on “Meet the Press” this past Sunday, “it’ll be not because of any campaign, but in spite of his campaigns.”

But guess what? October was Al Gore’s best month on the campaign trail this year. Or you might say it was Democratic challenger Bill Bradley’s worst. According to a Gallup/CNN/USA Today poll, by the end of October Gore opened up a 25 point lead over Bradley nationwide, gaining 13 points on the former New Jersey senator in less than 30 days.

Late October poll results from CBS News and ABC News both told the same story; Gore grabbed 15 points on Bradley and stretched his lead into comfortable margins of 26 and 38 points. Meanwhile, according to Newsweek’s latest numbers, Gore has not only stopped the bleeding in New Hampshire, but now boasts a solid 10 point lead in Bradley’s supposed stronghold.

Gore has also retaken his lead among Democratic voters in New York (says the New York Times) and still enjoys a 28-point cushion in the make-or-break primary state of California, where Bradley’s support remains stuck in the teens. That, according to the latest Field Poll.

How could Gore be showing signs of life when the D.C. pack buried him after his Dartmouth College appearance? Gore was “clumsy,” “awkward,” “artificial,” “glib and occasionally smug” (USA Today’s Walter Shapiro); “the Eddie Haskell-Energizer Bunny” (Time’s Margaret Carlson) who “hit the Dartmouth stage yakking” (Syndicated columnist Arianna Huffington). He appeared as “some sort of feral animal who had been locked in a small cage [and] came across as a kind of manic political vaudevillian” (Slate’s Jacob Weisberg). He was dressed “like someone seeking employment at a country music radio station” (Washington Post’s Mary McGrory). And, “If you think that Al Gore won that debate, I think you’re tripping” (Washington Post’s Juan Williams).

Did anybody mention the debate was deemed a toss-up by New Hampshire voters (according to Gallup)?

Unable to find new results to show Gore’s campaign was still heading south, “Hardball” host Chris Matthews Monday night had nothing left to use but U.S. News & World Report data that suggested the vice president has relatively high negatives. (The magazine’s one-on-one poll, which went unused, had Gore over Bradley by 21 points.)

A handful of reporters have tried to acknowledge the recent campaign shifts. Writing in Bradley’s adopted hometown paper, the Newark Star-Ledger, Bob Cohen conceded Gore’s national poll numbers were “inching up” — though a gain of 12 to 15 points would seem to be more than inching up.

Time magazine’s Eric Pooley opted for the same tact. He filed a snide dispatch from New Hampshire for the Nov. 8 issue, describing a “struggling” Gore “reduced to groveling for votes.” But he found space three-quarters of the way through to acknowledge: “In the month since Gore began rending his garments in public, his poll numbers have stabilized against Bradley’s.” A 12 to 15-point surge within a 30 day window now qualifies as stabilizing?

Pooley’s piece did provide one meaningful insight, though. He explained that while the D.C. press corps rarely takes Gore to task on any substantive issues, as a group they have so little regard for the candidate’s style they feel free to openly mock him while covering his campaign. Pooley described the media’s reaction to the Dartmouth debate, without criticism: “The 300 media types watching in the press room at Dartmouth were, to use the appropriate technical term, totally grossed out. Whenever Gore came on too strong, the room erupted in a collective jeer, like a gang of 15-year-old Heathers cutting down some hapless nerd.”

Perhaps the oddest head-scratcher appears in this week’s Newsweek, where Howard Fineman, busy playing up Bradley’s authenticity and working hard to dismiss Gore, suggested the New Hampshire results showing Gore opening up a 10 point lead there over his rival represented bad news for the vice president. Dismissing Newsweek’s own findings and a week’s worth of poll results that showed the Democratic race turning Gore’s way, Fineman found the vice president “running scared,” and decided he hadn’t “gained much speed or credibility.”

Gore may stumble again along the way to the nomination, and Bradley could ultimately topple him. But you should see it for yourself before believing it.

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Cuban revolution

Ry Cooder on "Buena Vista Social Club": "This record has its own rules."

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During the summer of ’99, the only real pop-music surprise is that 52-year-old veteran guitarist Ry Cooder’s “Buena Vista Social Club” is having a far more interesting run at the charts than Ricky Martin’s first record in English.

Martin, the charismatic Latin superstar, recorded a pop album for one of the world’s largest record companies. Thanks to three singles blanketing radio and video outlets, the album quickly went multi-platinum. By contrast, “Buena Vista Social Club,” Cooder’s laid-back musical collaboration featuring old-time forgotten Cuban musicians such as Ibrahim Ferrer, was released on small world-music label Nonesuch, distributed by Atlantic. Thanks to relentless word-of-mouth it has managed to reach gold status in America. More incredibly, 100 weeks after its release, the NPR-friendly album just recently hit its commercial stride and now seems certain to surpass the 1 million sales mark domestically.

For music-industry insiders who understand how difficult it is to organically grow an album aimed at consumers more concerned about monthly mortgages than weekend curfews, the choice is an easy one; “Buena Vista Social Club” has all the markings of a rare music-business phenomenon.

“This record has its own rules, its own engine,” says Cooder, who traveled to Havana to record the album in the spring of ’96. “It’s just now starting to happen.” Released in September of ’97, the album won near-universal acclaim from critics but managed to sell just 3,000 to 4,000 copies a week, according to SoundScan.

That’s fine for the average world-music release, but on the pop charts those numbers will bury an album. An upset win at the Grammys in early ’98 helped temporarily boost the album to No. 178 on the Billboard 200. And while “Buena Vista” continued to sell well in major cities (remaining in the top 25 for 20 months running at the Tower Records flagship store in New York City), by last April national weekly sales had fallen to under 1,900 copies. Part of the problem was a total blackout at commercial radio. “It’s been a ghetto,” says David Bither, senior vice president at Nonesuch Records.

Still, older music fans sought the album out and kept a buzz alive. “People tell me they hear it in the air,” says Cooder. “In restaurants, in coffee shops, in cars. Just not on the radio.”

That blackout represents a particularly damning indictment against adult album alternative (Triple-A) rock stations. They’re the outlets supposedly catering to older fans still curious enough about new music that they don’t want to be escorted down the padded hallway to classic rock hell. Meanwhile, corporate broadcasters, busy buying up hundreds of stations nationwide and turning them into cookie-cutter pop, rock and R&B stations, often tout Triple-A stations as commercial but willing to take musical risks.

However, a quick check of Billboard’s airplay chart reveals such cutting-edge and overlooked acts as the Pretenders, Van Morrison, Smash Mouth, the Red Hot Chili Peppers and the Goo Goo Dolls as the ones getting the most Triple-A spins these days. That means that despite its remarkable sales run among consumers in their 30s and 40s (i.e., target Triple-A audiences), “Buena Vista Social Club” remains shut out of the format.

Nonesuch approached VH1 over a year ago about the “Buena Vista Social Club” project, but the boomer cable channel was uninterested.

It all illustrates a larger dilemma, says Bither, who sees an industry obsessed with all things youthful and convinced that profits will come quicker with teen projects. “The older audience is not served by the record business,” he says. That, despite statistics from the Recording Industry Association of America that show that those over 30 are the only ones who bought more CDs in 1998 than they did in 1997. “‘Buena Vista Social Club’ galvanized that over-35 audience who are not being satisfied, except for Lilith or maybe Tom Waits records,” says Cooder. “But those are little voices in the dark.”

Bookstores, however, did realize the record’s unique draw and quickly came to its aid. Led by Barnes & Noble, Borders and Amazon.com, major book chains now wield real influence within the record business as they sell more CDs to a slightly more discerning customer. They have promoted “Social Club” relentlessly. As of Wednesday, the album ranked No. 3 among Amazon’s current bestsellers.

Now, thanks to the recent release of Wim Wenders’ surprisingly successful art-house documentary — “Buena Vista Social Club,” which chronicles the musical project — Cooder’s creation is selling 16,000 copies a week, according to SoundScan. That’s good enough for No. 86 on the national chart, right behind Eric Clapton’s latest. “It’s become the de facto soundtrack,” says Bither. (One week after the “Buena Vista Social Club” movie opened in Minneapolis, local sales of the record nearly quadrupled.) And with the first “Social Club” tour set for the fall, as well as talk of an upcoming PBS special in the works, the album could go even further.

“My experience is: You make a record, they disappear, and then you make another one,” says Cooder, whose 35-year career has never been interrupted by notable solo commercial success. “But something happened in that room [in Havana] and I still haven’t figured out exactly what it was.”

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Courtroom cage match!

Ever since wrestler Owen Hart fell to his death on pay-per-view, WWF impresario Vince McMahon has been down. Is he out?

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It was an inside joke, a throwaway gag. A sharp elbow in the ribs from flamboyant World Wrestling Federation owner Vince McMahon Jr., to media mogul Ted Turner, owner of WWF’s hated rival, World Championship Wrestling.

That’s why Owen Hart was up on the catwalk of Kemper Arena in Kansas City during the “Over the Edge” pay-per-view telecast May 23. The 34-year-old journeyman WWF wrestler was going to be attached to a harness and lowered from the ceiling, nine stories up, just the way Turner’s WCW superstar Sting descends into the ring for a bout. Only instead of swooping into the ring like Sting, Hart would gently flop, face down, and play it for laughs.

Perhaps the 16,200 fans at the sold-out arena, or the 250,000 watching at home on pay-per-view, wouldn’t even get the mocking reference. But McMahon and his boys at WWF would get it, and they’d laugh and slap backs. Because not only does McMahon’s WWF routinely trounce Turner’s WCW in the lucrative Monday-night cable ratings game, but the WWF knows how to enjoy a good rout.

But something went wrong up on the catwalk.

Hart’s character was “the Blue Blazer”; the arena was darkened and a pretaped interview was shown on a big video screen as Hart, suspended horizontally Superman-style 78 feet above the arena, gazed down on a ring that must have looked like a postage stamp. He was hanging from a single cable, attached to it only by an easily triggered release mechanism; the plan was that once he was lowered and hovering directly over the ring, he would release himself to accomplish his anticlimactic flop. Waiting for his cue, the wrestler reached back to secure his elaborate feathered cape. A stage rigger hired by the WWF heard a pop. Hart’s release trigger had snapped, and the wrestler went into an unplanned free fall. He was moving at 50 miles an hour when he slammed head first onto the ring’s corner turnbuckle. He was killed almost instantly from a ruptured aorta and massive internal bleeding. (Since the arena was all but dark, and the TVs were showing the intro tape, few of those present, and no one watching pay-per-view at home, actually witnessed Hart’s deadly fall.)

Life for the 53-year-old McMahon and the WWF (not to mention the Hart family) has not been the same since that night in Kansas City. Thanks to his botched handling of the crisis in the hours and days that followed the fall, McMahon is now in the fight of his life. Two weeks ago, the Hart family filed a wrongful-death lawsuit against him and the WWF. The suit could conceivably shut down the company. Meanwhile, the Kansas City police, which found no signs of foul play and initially treated the fall as an accident, have gone back and opened a criminal investigation. They’re now trying to determine if the WWF took proper precautions in setting up the stunt, and whether Hart, who had no professional stunt experience, should have been up on the catwalk to begin with. If not, WWF execs could face involuntary manslaughter charges and seven years in prison.

Wrestling’s been around forever, but since Vince McMahon turned it into “sports entertainment,” it’s become a hell of a lot more popular.

Brought to America by Irish and German immigrants, wrestling as theater thrived on the carny circuit for decades. Eventually, local promoters began carving out their territories. In New England, it was Capital Wrestling, run by Vince McMahon Sr., which over the years played home to stars like Gorgeous George and Bruno Sammartino. There were a few large-scale shows and occasional evidence as well that the faux sport was flirting with mainstream awareness; Bob Hope might crack a jape at Gorgeous George’s expense. But for the most part, the wrestlers would wrapped their hands around their opponents’ necks and roam around small-town armory rings for what seemed like hours at a time. The style was dubbed “scientific” in hopes of persuading fans they were watching contests of skill instead of scripted entertainment. Even up to the early 1980s, wrestling remained overwhelmingly low-rent and slightly pathetic, ripe for the devastating parody wreaked upon it by Andy Kaufman during his feud with Memphis’ king of the ring, Jerry Lawler.

Then along came Vince Jr. Court-martialed from the Fishburne Military School in Waynesboro, Va., as a kid, McMahon eventually went to work with his father. Built like a wrestler himself, the younger McMahon bought the company in the early ’80s, infused it with a rock ‘n’ roll style and took it mainstream. The “story lines” — shifting feuds and alliances among the characters — were ratcheted up; explosions erupted like at Kiss concerts and anthems marked the stars’ staged entrances. He even admitted the matches were rigged. It didn’t matter, though. In 1987, 93,000 fans packed the Pontiac Silverdome for “Wrestlemania III,” starring a classic face-off between “baby-face” Hulk Hogan and a “heel,” Andre the Giant. By building an empire around cable television McMahon shattered what for decades had been a regional business operated by scores of old-time promoters. Now he owned the sport. Celebrities like Cyndi Lauper, who symbolized the rock-wrestling connection, and later Mike Tyson were brought onboard to spice up story lines, while Pamela Anderson and others were paid to make head-turning ringside appearances. The press loved the cheesy glitz; McMahon loved the wrestling-watching parties springing up on college campuses and blue-chip advertisers coming aboard to court a surprisingly elevated demographic. (In one survey, as many as one in four fans had an income of more than $50,000 a year.) It was all light-years away from the homely wrestling crowds his dad used to court. (Full disclosure: A few months back I was asked to help write a WWF wrestler’s biography. A deal was never struck, though, and I never met or spoke with Vince McMahon.)

But like any great wrestling story line, McMahon’s reign at the top was cut unexpectedly short. The problem for McMahon was that this story wasn’t scripted. In 1994 the WWF chief was dragged before a New York judge to answer allegations about steroid use among the WWF’s obviously pumped-up wrestlers. Following some tawdry testimony, McMahon, who had previously admitted taking steroids before possession became illegal, was acquitted on charges that he’d distributed the drugs.

But Ted Turner was watching. He saw that the WWF was vulnerable, and decided it was time to beef up his own league, the WCW. He raided the WWF’s locker room (including, most humiliatingly, Hulk Hogan), boosted salaries and scheduled his own prime-time wrestling show directly opposite WWF’s.

For a year and a half Turner and the WCW owned Monday-night wrestling. WWF’s arena shows no longer sold out. McMahon got desperate, and tried to play the victim. He filed suit with the Federal Trade Commission, alleging that Turner, using his TBS Superstation, was trying to create a monopoly (this after McMahon had spent most of the ’80s snuffing out every competitor in sight). Most amusingly, McMahon even took a shot at cultural sanctimony: During a ’95 sports talk show appearance, he said that the WCW was too raunchy, and that Turner’s wrestlers “give our business a bad name. It’s so important for us to be able to uphold this standard of ethics we do.”

Finally, McMahon got a glimpse of the future: Its name was Stone Cold Steve Austin. A profanity-spewing tough guy, Austin ushered in a new era of ring superstar. A baby-face like Hogan might tell kids to eat their vitamins; Austin told fans to shove it up their ass, and they loved him for it. And with McMahon casting himself as Austin’s on-screen nemesis, the evil, overbearing boss who wasn’t afraid to mix it up in the ring, the WWF launched one of its most successful promotions. Simple good and bad was out, and murky gray areas were in, along with hookers, pimps, crucifixions, the occult, porn stars and butt shots. (During one infamous between-bout sketch, WWF wrestler Sexual Chocolate was seen getting simulated head backstage from a transvestite.) Parents protested that WWF programming was no longer suitable for kids. A wide-eyed McMahon assured them that it wasn’t intended for kids in the first place, and then signed a pay-per-view sponsorship with a squirt-gun manufacturer.

Besides adding the skin and the carnage, McMahon and his team of script writers did a masterful job hatching elaborate on-screen rivalries, concocting a new slate of marketable characters (Austin, The Godfather, The Rock), and coining their catch phrases (“Austin 3:16,” “Pimpin’ ain’t easy!” and “Do you smell what the Rock is cookin’?”). The WWF not only won back wrestling fans from the more tepid WCW, it cornered the mainstream 18-to-35 male demographic as well. More of them watch WWF’s “Raw Is War” on the USA Network than watch “Monday Night Football.”

And can you blame them? In all of television, find a more electrifying intro than the 30-second opening to Monday night’s “Raw is War” — a raging, quick-edit combustion of heavy-metal music and wounded warriors.

Just a few years after the company’s 1994 nadir, live WWF arena shows now sell out weeks in advance. The company takes in nearly $400 million a year from pay-per-view shows, home video and syndicated programming alone, not to mention the millions more from T-shirts, action figures and, yes, even WWF ice cream on a stick, one of 150 products licensed by the WWF. The league’s parent company, Titan Sports, also controlled by McMahon and valued at $750 million, is reportedly at work renovating a recently purchased Manhattan property, turning it into a new sports and television production studio.

Finally, there’s Wall Street. There’s word McMahon will team up with Bear Stearns investors for an IPO. He reportedly wants to raise $150 million in order to build a new WWF-themed hotel in Las Vegas.

Could all this be derailed over a humorless in-joke that went deadly wrong?

From the moment Hart’s head hit the turnbuckle, McMahon, a proven showman with natural instincts, began making wrong decision after wrong decision. The first was to continue with the “Over the Edge” show right after medics had hauled the limp Hart off in a stretcher. A WWF spokesman later explained the call by saying the company was hoping for the best and that Hart’s condition wasn’t apparent. But ringside reports later indicated that it was clear Hart had died upon impact. A hour after the fall, WWF announcer Jim Ross broke the news to pay-per-view customers that Hart had died, but the same announcement was never made to the bewildered fans inside the Kemper Arena, who had watched as Hart lay lifeless on the canvas for 10 minutes. They had to hear the news driving home from the show.

When “Over the Edge” concluded, McMahon insisted, “Out of respect for Owen, knowing the consummate performer he was, I’m sure members of the Hart family would concur with me that he would want the show to go on.” It turned out that the Hart family did not concur. Indeed, they suspected that the headaches, logistical and financial, of refunding a pay-per-view match might have had more to do with the WWF’s decision.

The night after the pay-per-view, WWF’s weekly “Raw is War” telecast was touted as a “tribute” to Hart. The show opened with a silent 10-bell count in the wrestler’s memory, though viewers were never told how Hart died. The rest of the two hours were filled up with nondescript bouts, with some taped personal messages from wrestlers about Hart. At the show’s conclusion, WWF meal ticket Steve Austin prowled around the ring, smashed two cans of beer together and raised a “toast” to Hart. But as some wrestling fans — and certainly Hart’s family — knew, outside the ring Austin, who once suffered a serious injury at the hands of Owen, had no use for him. Austin may have even lobbied to keep the wrestler down as a mid-card draw. (McMahon and other WWF execs call all the shots for wrestlers, but some as popular as Austin have a say in their opponents and their character’s story line.) But since Austin is WWF’s number one baby-face, he got top billing for Hart’s “tribute.”

“I suspect [WWF management] was high-fiving each other after the show and saying they got the job done,” Hart’s brother Bruce, a former professional wrestler, told a reporter. “They came out smelling like a rose. That’s the way we all saw it. It was damage control and a bunch of crap where they say they were celebrating the life of Owen Hart. Nobody alluded to how needless and senseless the whole [ceiling stunt] was.”

(Another of Owen’s brothers, Bret “The Hitman” Hart, a former member of the WWF, is the only wrestler who’s ever smacked McMahon down in real life. It happened in Montreal in 1997, at the Hitman’s final appearance with the WWF before he jumped ship for Turner’s WCW. Despite agreeing beforehand to end the match in a staged disqualification, Hart was double-crossed by McMahon, who ordered the ringside referee to “ring the fucking bell” when Hart was temporarily pinned on his back. Backstage after the match, the Hitman decked McMahon during a locker room melee. It was no joke; McMahon wore a shiner to prove it.)

Following “Over the Edge,” the WWF announced that it had canceled the next week’s live arena shows out of respect for the dead Canadian wrestler. Actually, right after the tragedy, WWF wrestlers were ordered to show up in St. Louis and then Moline, Ill., to tape two money-making television shows. Then they were allowed to go home and reflect. Online fans launched a campaign to have Hart named an honorary WWF champ; the notion was met with indifference at WWF’s Stanford, Conn., headquarters.

By the time the funeral arrived a week later in Calgary, Alberta, the wrestler’s widow, Martha, had had enough. Sobbing from the altar, she promised “a day of reckoning” for those responsible. Sitting in the church’s back pew, McMahon stewed quietly — but not for long. Unable to pass up a confrontation, or unwilling to admit his mistakes, and no doubt convinced a lawsuit was in the making, McMahon fired off a letter to the Calgary Sun. He challenged Martha Hart on all sorts of details surrounding the funeral, from whether or not WWF had had the right to air footage of it on TV (Martha had specifically asked the WWF not to) to who had paid the bills. McMahon even bragged about how much money the WWF spent flying company employees up to Calgary to attend the burial service — $152,200. “It is unfortunate that Mrs. Hart feels violated in any way, although her grief, which we share, is understandable,” wrote McMahon. It was a textbook example of how not to treat the widow of a former employee who died on your watch just days earlier.

Such high-level bungling, along with the general criticism that Hart was sacrificed in the name of ratings, opened the WWF up to other challenges. On June 10, WWF eye candy turned women’s champion Sable (aka Rena Mero) filed a $110 million breach of contract and sexual harassment lawsuit against the WWF. She claimed the company had tried to intimidate her into participating in a lesbian story line and had humiliated her by trying to get her to expose her breasts in front of a raucous crowd — and said the company took away her title when she refused. (Sable has posed for Playboy, but says there’s a difference between working with a professional photographer and prancing around naked in front of an arena full of drunken men and small children.) Sable has her own agenda: she clearly wants to leave the company and keep her money-making name, which the WWF owns. But even if the suit goes nowhere, by publicly complaining about “staged stunts that are inherently dangerous” and how “wrestlers are forced to perform under dangerous and vulgar conditions controlled by the WWF,” Sable was all but warming up a Kansas City jury for the Harts.

The family’s 118-page suit, filed on behalf of Hart’s widow and two small children on June 15, names 46 offenses, but boils down to several key allegations: that Hart, not properly trained as a stuntman, was attached to a “a makeshift contraption” designed to rig sailboats, not transport men; that the quick-release mechanism that caused his fall needed only six pounds of pressure to open, making it susceptible to human error; and that no precautions, such as a safety net, safety harness, backup cables or a safety lock on the release mechanism, were used.

Under Missouri law, the Hart family is not allowed to ask for a specific dollar amount in damages. That’s up to a jury. The papers have been quoting experts who say they don’t think nine figures is out of the question. (The Harts’ attorney, Gary Robb, has among other things won a $350 million verdict in a helicopter crash case.) McMahon could settle, of course. But that would mean a very public apology — something he’s not particularly well practiced in. Meanwhile, Kansas City investigators continue their work to determine if there was criminal negligence involved in Hart’s death.

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Coincidentally or not, in an interview with Bloomberg News the day after the Hart suit was filed, USA Network president and COO Barry Baker said the company was “monitoring all of the wrestling carefully,” to make certain the shows “conform to what we think are good practices.”

McMahon can deal with the bad publicity and critics who say his WWF has taken a tacky but harmless sideshow and inserted an R-rated circus in its place. He takes those shots with a sly grin, shrugs his stocky shoulders, counts the receipts, and privately wonders if it’s possible to package a product for Americans that’s too violent or too sexy.

What McMahon can’t handle is any defection of the money men. The entertainment it offers aside, the WWF is not a fine-tuned fighting machine — it’s an efficient money machine, fueled by a cast of interchangeable ring stars. It’s a machine McMahon built himself, and one that Wall Street may soon get a piece of. That’s why over the last four weeks — as the lawsuits have mounted, a criminal investigation has proceeded and the sour headlines have piled up — if McMahon has been kept awake at nights, it’s probably only with one nagging thought: “Wonder what the boys at Bear Stearns make of all this?”

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