But the figures come with a big grain of salt; scientists only had solid data for 65 countries. For the 128 others, they used modeling to come up with their estimates.

Despite the major dent, the progress fails to meet a WHO target to cut measles deaths by 90 percent by 2010.

“This is still a huge success,” said Peter Strebel, a measles expert at WHO and one of the authors of the study. “You don’t reduce measles deaths by three quarters without significantly accelerating efforts.”

He noted that the global 85 percent vaccination coverage rate was the highest ever recorded.

The study was paid for by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and was published Tuesday in the journal, Lancet.

Measles is one of the most infectious diseases that exists and mostly affects children. It causes a fever, cough and a rash all over the body. The disease kills about one to two children for every 1,000 it infects and can also cause pregnant women to have a miscarriage or premature birth.

Past progress in reducing measles has led some health officials to consider whether they can eradicate it. Smallpox is the only human disease to have been wiped out. Other initiatives to rid the world of diseases including polio and guinea worm remain largely stalled.

“I am cautious about adopting too many eradication campaigns at once,” said Nancy Leys Stepan, author of a book on disease eradication and a professor at Columbia University. She was not linked to the study.

Stepan said problems like getting good data and the challenges of eradication make it more reasonable to stick to deadlines for reducing measles rather than trying to eliminate it.

In recent years, the disease has surged in Europe — the number of people infected since 2007 has tripled. Doctors say measles cases are rebounding in Europe because people don’t realize how serious the disease is and are skeptical of the vaccine.

The first measles shot was licensed in the U.S. in 1963 and is now widely included in routine childhood immunization programs in developed countries. Last year was the worst year for measles in the U.S. in 15 years, with 222 cases — mostly imported by foreign visitors or by U.S. residents infected overseas.

Daniel Berman, a vaccines expert at Medecins Sans Frontieres, noted there has been a massive increase in measles across Africa in the last two years, largely because of backsliding on immunization campaigns and declining funds.

“The challenge is to find ways to make measles campaigns happen in countries with weak systems,” he said.

Berman said it would be hard to dramatically improve the 74 percent drop in measles deaths and that it would probably plateau.

WHO’s Strebel said just maintaining the decline in measles still requires a major effort. He added experts are not ready to set any eradication deadlines.

“Let’s wait until we get a bit closer to the top of the mountain before we say if we can get there,” he said.

____

Online:

www.lancet.com

http://www.who.int/topics/measles/en/

“If women are suffering from serious menopause symptoms and have had a hysterectomy, then estrogen alone is a reasonable approach,” said Garnet Anderson, of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle and the study’s lead author.

Doctors have long prescribed hormones for women after menopause to relieve symptoms like hot flashes and night sweats. The pills were also believed to be good for bones, the heart and have other health benefits.

In the 1990s, researchers began a large, U.S. funded study, known as the Women’s Health Initiative, looking at the effects of estrogen-progestin combination pills and estrogen-only therapies. The estrogen-progestin part of the study was stopped in 2002 when the combo pill was linked to higher risks for heart attacks and breast cancer. In 2004, the estrogen study was halted after researchers detected stroke and blood clot risks in that group.

Those results shook up conventional wisdom about hormone replacement therapies and led women to stop taking them in droves. Now the advice is to take the hormones to relieve symptoms at the lowest dose possible for the shortest amount of time because of the potential risks.

Estrogen-only pills are recommended for the approximately 25 percent of women in menopause who have had hysterectomies. Other women are prescribed the combo pill: estrogen alone can raise their risk of cancer of the uterus.

In the new analysis, Anderson and colleagues tracked more than 7,600 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 who had a hysterectomy. Roughly half took estrogen while the other half took placebo pills for about six years. Most women in both groups had yearly mammograms. The women were followed for about 12 years.

In the group that took estrogen, there were 151 cases of breast cancer versus 199 in those on fake pills. That amounted to a 23 percent lower risk of cancer, researchers said.

In women who developed breast cancer, there were six deaths among those who had taken estrogen compared to 16 in those who took placebos. The lower risk of breast cancer didn’t apply to women with a family history of the disease or those who previously had benign breast lumps.

Doctors said women should not take estrogen to lower their breast cancer risk since the hormone comes with slightly higher chances of stroke and blood clots. Research published last year found those problems appeared to fade after women stopped taking the pills.

“Estrogen on its own appears to be safe,” said Dr. Anthony Howell, professor of medical oncology at the University of Manchester, who co-authored a commentary in journal.

Scientists aren’t sure why estrogen appeared to lower the risk of breast cancer, but Howell said altering the amount of estrogen in the body might help stop tumor growth, since fluctuating levels could interfere with tumor development.

Other experts weren’t convinced. “It’s inconsistent with the totality of evidence that finds estrogen increases breast cancer risk,” said Valerie Beral, director of the cancer epidemiology unit at Oxford University. She said the analysis was a subset of a larger trial that wasn’t designed to specifically look at breast cancer.

“If you want to take hormone replacement therapy, estrogen-only has a much lesser effect on breast cancer than with progestin,” she said. “But to say it protects against breast cancer is wrong.”

Dr. Peter Bowen-Simpkins, medical director of the London Women’s Clinic and a spokesman for Britain’s Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, said the study was still reassuring news for women who had hysterectomies seeking relief from menopausal symptoms.

“A lot of their suffering could be spared,” he said.

“If women are suffering from serious menopause symptoms and have had a hysterectomy, then estrogen alone is a reasonable approach,” said Garnet Anderson, of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle and the study’s lead author.

Doctors have long prescribed hormones for women after menopause to relieve symptoms like hot flashes and night sweats. The pills were also believed to be good for bones, the heart and have other health benefits.

In the 1990s, researchers began a large, U.S. funded study, known as the Women’s Health Initiative, looking at the effects of estrogen-progestin combination pills and estrogen-only therapies. The estrogen-progestin part of the study was stopped in 2002 when the combo pill was linked to higher risks for heart attacks and breast cancer. In 2004, the estrogen study was halted after researchers detected stroke and blood clot risks in that group.

Those results shook up conventional wisdom about hormone replacement therapies and led women to stop taking them in droves. Now the advice is to take the hormones to relieve symptoms at the lowest dose possible for the shortest amount of time because of the potential risks.

Estrogen-only pills are recommended for the approximately 25 percent of women in menopause who have had hysterectomies. Other women are prescribed the combo pill: estrogen alone can raise their risk of cancer of the uterus.

In the new analysis, Anderson and colleagues tracked more than 7,600 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 who had a hysterectomy. Roughly half took estrogen while the other half took placebo pills for about six years. Most women in both groups had yearly mammograms. The women were followed for about 12 years.

In the group that took estrogen, there were 151 cases of breast cancer versus 199 in those on fake pills. That amounted to a 23 percent lower risk of cancer, researchers said.

In women who developed breast cancer, there were six deaths among those who had taken estrogen compared to 16 in those who took placebos. The lower risk of breast cancer didn’t apply to women with a family history of the disease or those who previously had benign breast lumps.

Doctors said women should not take estrogen to lower their breast cancer risk since the hormone comes with slightly higher chances of stroke and blood clots. Research published last year found those problems appeared to fade after women stopped taking the pills.

“Estrogen on its own appears to be safe,” said Dr. Anthony Howell, professor of medical oncology at the University of Manchester, who co-authored a commentary in journal.

Scientists aren’t sure why estrogen appeared to lower the risk of breast cancer, but Howell said altering the amount of estrogen in the body might help stop tumor growth, since fluctuating levels could interfere with tumor development.

Other experts weren’t convinced. “It’s inconsistent with the totality of evidence that finds estrogen increases breast cancer risk,” said Valerie Beral, director of the cancer epidemiology unit at Oxford University. She said the analysis was a subset of a larger trial that wasn’t designed to specifically look at breast cancer.

“If you want to take hormone replacement therapy, estrogen-only has a much lesser effect on breast cancer than with progestin,” she said. “But to say it protects against breast cancer is wrong.”

Dr. Peter Bowen-Simpkins, medical director of the London Women’s Clinic and a spokesman for Britain’s Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, said the study was still reassuring news for women who had hysterectomies seeking relief from menopausal symptoms.

“A lot of their suffering could be spared,” he said.

___

Online:

Journal: www.lancet.com

“It is unusual for (motor neurone disease) patients to survive for decades, but not unheard of,” said Dr. Rup Tandan, a neurology professor at the University of Vermont College of Medicine. Still, Tandan said many longtime survivors had ventilators to breathe for them — which Hawking does not.

Hawking first gained attention with his 1988 book “A Brief History of Time,” a simplified overview of the universe. It sold more than 10 million copies worldwide. His subsequent theories have revolutionized modern understanding of concepts like black holes and the Big Bang theory of how the universe began.

To mark his birthday Sunday, Cambridge University is holding a public symposium on “The State of the Universe,” featuring talks from 27 leading scientists, including Hawking himself. For 30 years, he held a mathematics post at the university previously held by Sir Isaac Newton. Hawking retired from that position in 2009 and is now director of research at the university’s Centre for Theoretical Cosmology.

Hawking achieved all that despite being nearly entirely paralyzed and in a wheelchair since 1970. He now communicates only by twitching his right cheek. Since catching pneumonia in 1985, Hawking has needed around-the-clock care and relies on a computer and voice synthesizer to speak.

A tiny infrared sensor sits on his glasses, hooked up to a computer. The sensor detects Hawking’s cheek pulses, which select words displayed on a computer screen. The chosen words are then spoken by the voice synthesizer. It can take up to 10 minutes for Hawking to formulate a single sentence.

“The only trouble is (the voice synthesizer) gives me an American accent,” the Briton wrote on his website.

It took Hawking four years to write his last book, “The Grand Design,” missing his publisher’s original deadline.

Hawking declined requests from The Associated Press for an interview, but his personal assistant, Judith Croasdell, spoke to the AP. She described her boss as remarkably patient.

“The way he communicates can seem frustratingly slow to most people but he doesn’t let that impede his thinking,” she said.

After a brief hospital stay, Hawking told her that he spent the time thinking about black holes.

Hawking typically comes into the office after a big breakfast and reading the news, Croasdell said. “He’s not an early morning person, but he does stay quite late,” until about 7 or 8 in the evening, she said.

Hawking’s rooftop university office is crammed full of memorabilia: family photos, a miniature NASA shuttle, and a signed picture of himself with President Barack Obama and his wife, Michelle. On top of physics books sits a disability access guide for the university.

Hawking’s fame has led to guest appearances on some of his favorite television shows including “The Simpsons” and “Star Trek.” His animated likeness from “The Simpsons” has even been turned into an action figure — one of which sits proudly on his office desk. There’s also a Homer Simpson clock that Hawking is known to glare at when visitors are late for an appointment.

“He’s a big ham, he loves the spotlight,” said Kitty Ferguson, who’s written two biographies of the physicist.

She said he has a wry sense of humor and has programmed his computer to respond to random encounters with people who ask if he’s Stephen Hawking. “No, but I’m often mistaken for that man,” his voice synthesizer deadpans.

Lou Gehrig’s disease, also called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, attacks motor neurons, cells that control the muscles. Patients typically suffer muscle weakness and wasting, become paralyzed and have problems talking, swallowing and breathing. Only about 10 percent of patients live longer than a decade.

People who are stricken at a young age, as Hawking was, generally have a better chance of surviving longer. Most people are diagnosed between 50 and 70. Life expectancy generally ranges from two to five years after symptoms like slurred speech, difficulty swallowing and muscle weakness set in. Hawking’s personal physicians don’t discuss his condition with the press, Croasdell said.

For some reason, the disease has progressed more slowly in Hawking than in most. Al-Chalabi and colleagues are analyzing a DNA sample from Hawking, along with those of other patients, to see if there is something rare about his disease or any genetic mutations that could explain his long survival and if that information could be used to help others.

Some experts said the type of care Hawking has, including about a dozen health workers 24 hours a day, may have extended his life expectancy.

“The disease can sometimes stabilize and then the kind of care delivered may be a factor in survival,” said Virginia Lee, a brain disease expert at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. “Remaining mentally alert is also extremely important and he has clearly done that.”

Hawking says he tries not to think about his limitations.

“I have had (Lou Gehrig’s disease) for practically all my adult life,” he says on his website. “Yet it has not prevented me from having a very attractive family and being successful in my work,” he writes. “I try to lead as normal a life as possible and not think about my condition or regret the things it prevents me from doing, which are not that many.”

From the office pictures documenting his achievements, that certainly seems to be the case. Framed photos show the physicist with several popes and on memorable trips to China and Easter Island.

He has even flown in a space simulator. In 2007, Hawking took a zero-gravity flight in Florida, the first time in 40 years he abandoned his wheelchair.

“That was the happiest I’ve ever seen Stephen,” said Sam Blackburn, Hawking’s graduate assistant, who accompanied him on the ride along with about a half-dozen others, including two doctors. “He just had the biggest grin on his face.”

Hawking has also been married twice and has three children and three grandchildren. With his daughter Lucy, he has written several children’s books on physics.

Al-Chalabi said most patients with Lou Gehrig’s disease succumb after their breathing muscles stop working. He had no predictions for what the biggest health risks to Hawking’s future might be.

“He is truly remarkable,” Al-Chalabi said. “This is someone who’s managed to find ways around every single problem the disease has thrown at him.”

___

Online:

Hawking website: http://www.hawking.org.uk

“It is unusual for (motor neurone disease) patients to survive for decades, but not unheard of,” said Dr. Rup Tandan, a neurology professor at the University of Vermont College of Medicine. Still, Tandan said many longtime survivors had ventilators to breathe for them — which Hawking does not.

Hawking first gained attention with his 1988 book “A Brief History of Time,” a simplified overview of the universe. It sold more than 10 million copies worldwide. His subsequent theories have revolutionized modern understanding of concepts like black holes and the Big Bang theory of how the universe began.

To mark his birthday Sunday, Cambridge University is holding a public symposium on “The State of the Universe,” featuring talks from 27 leading scientists, including Hawking himself. For 30 years, he held a mathematics post at the university previously held by Sir Isaac Newton. Hawking retired from that position in 2009 and is now director of research at the university’s Centre for Theoretical Cosmology.

Hawking achieved all that despite being nearly entirely paralyzed and in a wheelchair since 1970. He now communicates only by twitching his right cheek. Since catching pneumonia in 1985, Hawking has needed around-the-clock care and relies on a computer and voice synthesizer to speak.

A tiny infrared sensor sits on his glasses, hooked up to a computer. The sensor detects Hawking’s cheek pulses, which select words displayed on a computer screen. The chosen words are then spoken by the voice synthesizer. It can take up to 10 minutes for Hawking to formulate a single sentence.

“The only trouble is (the voice synthesizer) gives me an American accent,” the Briton wrote on his website.

It took Hawking four years to write his last book, “The Grand Design,” missing his publisher’s original deadline.

Hawking declined requests from the AP for an interview, but his personal assistant spoke to The Associated Press.

Judith Croasdell, Hawking’s personal assistant, described her boss as remarkably patient.

“The way he communicates can seem frustratingly slow to most people but he doesn’t let that impede his thinking,” she said.

After a brief hospital stay, Hawking told her that he spent the time thinking about black holes.

Hawking typically comes into the office after a big breakfast and reading the news, Croasdell said. “He’s not an early morning person, but he does stay quite late,” until about 7 or 8 in the evening, she said.

Hawking’s rooftop university office is crammed full of memorabilia: family photos, a miniature NASA shuttle, and a signed picture of himself with President Barack Obama and his wife, Michelle. On top of physics books sits a disability access guide for the university.

Hawking’s fame has led to guest appearances on some of his favorite television shows including “The Simpsons” and “Star Trek.” His animated likeness from “The Simpsons” has even been turned into an action figure — one of which sits proudly on his office desk. There’s also a Homer Simpson clock that Hawking is known to glare at when visitors are late for an appointment.

“He’s a big ham, he loves the spotlight,” said Kitty Ferguson, who’s written two biographies of the physicist.

She said he has a wry sense of humor and has programmed his computer to respond to random encounters with people who ask if he’s Stephen Hawking. “No, but I’m often mistaken for that man,” his voice synthesizer deadpans.

Lou Gehrig’s disease, also called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, attacks motor neurons, cells that control the muscles. Patients typically suffer muscle weakness and wasting, become paralyzed and have problems talking, swallowing and breathing. Only about 10 percent of patients live longer than a decade.

People who are stricken at a young age, as Hawking was, generally have a better chance of surviving longer. Most people are diagnosed between 50 and 70. Life expectancy generally ranges from two to five years after symptoms like slurred speech, difficulty swallowing and muscle weakness set in. Hawking’s personal physicians don’t discuss his condition with the press, Croasdell said.

For some reason, the disease has progressed more slowly in Hawking than in most. Al-Chalabi and colleagues are analyzing a DNA sample from Hawking, along with those of other patients, to see if there is something rare about his disease or any genetic mutations that could explain his long survival and if that information could be used to help others.

Some experts said the type of care Hawking has, including about a dozen health workers 24 hours a day, may have extended his life expectancy.

“The disease can sometimes stabilize and then the kind of care delivered may be a factor in survival,” said Virginia Lee, a brain disease expert at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. “Remaining mentally alert is also extremely important and he has clearly done that.”

Hawking says he tries not to think about his limitations.

“I have had (Lou Gehrig’s disease) for practically all my adult life,” he says on his website. “Yet it has not prevented me from having a very attractive family and being successful in my work,” he writes. “I try to lead as normal a life as possible and not think about my condition or regret the things it prevents me from doing, which are not that many.”

From the office pictures documenting his achievements, that certainly seems to be the case. Framed photos show the physicist with several popes and on memorable trips to China and Easter Island.

He has even flown in a space simulator. In 2007, Hawking took a zero-gravity flight in Florida, the first time in 40 years he abandoned his wheelchair.

“That was the happiest I’ve ever seen Stephen,” said Sam Blackburn, Hawking’s graduate assistant, who accompanied him on the ride along with about a half-dozen others, including two doctors. “He just had the biggest grin on his face.”

Hawking has also been married twice and has three children and three grandchildren. With his daughter Lucy, he has written several children’s books on physics.

Al-Chalabi said most patients with Lou Gehrig’s disease succumb after their breathing muscles stop working. He had no predictions for what the biggest health risks to Hawking’s future might be.

“He is truly remarkable,” Al-Chalabi said. “This is someone who’s managed to find ways around every single problem the disease has thrown at him.”

___

Online:

Hawking website: http://www.hawking.org.uk