Cancer
Word doctor
A Harvard physician believes poetry can soothe and even heal his patients.
My patient seemed skeptical at first. “What am I going to do with that?” she asked as she stared at the cover of Marilyn Hacker’s book of poems “Winter Numbers,” with its image of ripe pears, full as a woman’s breasts, tangled in blood-red yarn. I have shared this book — and others, like Audre Lorde’s “The Cancer Journals” and Alicia Ostriker’s “The Crack in Everything” — with other patients of mine who are newly diagnosed with breast cancer.
“To survive/my body stops dreaming it’s twenty-five,” ends one of Hacker’s most devastating poems. For a long moment, I too questioned whether words could heal.
But in responding to that poem’s killer couplet, in grappling with its blend of resignation and persistence, I felt the unique power of poetry. Aside from finding an alternative to the sea of medicalese in which she was about to be immersed, aside from finding answers to questions she might not dare ask her overworked and/or imperious physicians, aside from the breaking of her own heart in each carefully rendered line break, I knew that in poetry my patient would discover courage, comfort and, ultimately, precious wisdom.
Elizabeth, as I’ll call her, proved more resistant to the healing power of language than most of the patients with whom I have tried to share poetry.
“Look,” she said, “I appreciate you trying to show you care. But I want you and all my doctors to know what to do about my medical condition, and not my feelings.” I noticed how the rim of tears forming in her blue eyes seemed to magnify their beauty. “So you can keep this.” Abruptly, she ended our encounter by leaving my office, slamming the door definitively behind her.
What I told Elizabeth — who is now two years out from her initial diagnosis (infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast, stage II, eight of 16 lymph nodes positive), still going strong and beginning to write her own poetry about her illness — is that creative self-expression has been an important part of healing since the beginning of recorded human history. This ancient truth is being validated today, with the publication this year of a study in the Journal of the American Medical Association that showed patients who wrote about their chronic illnesses suffered fewer symptoms and less disability. Patients stricken with asthma or debilitating rheumatoid arthritis actually improved over the course of months just by writing imaginatively about stressful experiences.
In a glitzy, high-powered medical establishment that often fails to meet many of the basic human needs of our patients, such results have created quite a stir. Soul-numbing managed care and mind-boggling technological advancement seem to have conspired to distance doctors from patients. The addition of an increasingly aged and multicultural society creates chasms so wide they threaten to swallow us all. It makes one wonder how anyone can make sense of the experience of illness.
It’s not all that surprising that poetry — whose soothing rhythms have their origins in our physical bodies, in the ebb and flow of our breathing or sobbing, in the very beating of our hearts — can be so effective in restoring empathy and thus kindling the healing process. In many Native American cultures, incantation and voice were the principal therapeutic instruments. Spanish explorer Cabeza de Vaca lived for many years among the Capoque people, and recounted the dramatic cures effected by their use of performative language. (A few examples of Native American healing rituals, such as the Iroquois “condolence ritual” and the Navajo “night chant,” have survived, and are being studied today.) Ancient Greek theology recognized the potent and inextricable interrelationship between poetry and healing in its most revered deity Apollo, who governed both; Apollo’s symbols are the poet’s lyre and the healer’s staff.
Even the Judeo-Christian tradition explicitly links poetry and healing. Biblical poetry such as Psalms and the Song of Solomon make frequent reference to physical afflictions that God assuages. Christ himself restores sight, and even life, with divinely fluent pronouncements. Today’s faith healers and Christian Scientists continue to rely solely on prayer for the treatment of illness.
Modern medicine itself has made use of literature to heal patients. Benjamin Rush, founder of the famous Pennsylvania Hospital in 1810, is considered the father of the centralized modern American hospital. He included in his design a grand library where patients could go to read on themes prescribed by their physicians. A school of thought among psychiatrists today holds that bibliotherapy — defined in a recent review by two scholars as “the guided use of reading, usually as an adjunct to psychotherapy in mental-
As compelling as it may be to survey historical examples of the marriage between poetry and healing, still there is little scientific data to support its validity. The situation is similar to that surrounding the placebo effect: If we can’t understand how it works, then it must not be real. And in the case of St. John’s wort or echinacea: If the medical or pharmaceutical industry can’t profit from it, then it must be quackery — never mind new discoveries of chemicals in herbal remedies that may be the basis for their claimed benefits. While it would certainly be wrong to say that poetry can cure cancer or AIDS or depression, it is fair to consider how reading and writing poetry could help those who are “intoxicated” by illness, to borrow from the title of literary critic Anatole Broyard’s indelible memoir of his battle with prostate cancer.
Having been well trained by Harvard Medical School, I come prepared with a list of possible “mechanisms of action.” It would be difficult to prove any of these, but some are accepted in psychiatric and behavioral medicine circles.
First, there is the therapeutic effect of assigning a name to a patient’s symptoms; imagine amplifying that effect by allowing the patient to discover and to name the affliction. Creating metaphors in poetry is similar to the healing process in that it involves an imaginative translocation from one state to another. The poem, in its rhythms and rhymes, metaphorically restores the sufferer’s control over deranged bodily functions.
At the same time, poetry places the patient in direct communication with others who have suffered with a disease, across centuries and cultures. Writing poetry dramatically establishes the patient’s authority, which so often is taken by the medical establishment. Poetry also empowers by allowing the patient to identify with the illness. Perhaps most important, the poem provides a non-judgmental way to explore and accept death as one possible ending to the patient’s life story, an outcome doctors are notoriously inept at helping patients to understand.
Poetry teaches not only about the illness itself but about the human experience of it. When I talk to Elizabeth, who is actively engaged in the process of re-imagining her own illness through creative self-expression, I wonder whether some of these principles might resonate with her. I wonder how she felt when she finally did read “Cancer Winter,” an unforgettable sequence of sonnets in Hacker’s collection. A sonnet is a love poem in which the speaker immortalizes the beloved against the ravages of time. I wonder whether it is possible to love one’s disease, what it would feel like to forgive the terminal diagnosis the way Hacker does when, at the end of one sonnet, she declares:
The setting sun looks terribly like blood.
The hovering swarm has nothing to forgive.
Your voice petitions the indifferent night:
“I don’t know how to die yet. Let me live.”
I have always drawn a sharp breath of recognition at this confrontation with one’s own mortality, and the power of the human spirit to overcome. I don’t know whether this is the definition, really, of love — but whatever it means, I feel certain that Elizabeth, her blue eyes stubbornly ablaze with life, has understood it.
Kate Hudson’s cancer horror show
The bubbly actress's horrific movie, "A Little Bit of Heaven," turns terminal illness into a twee joke
Kate Hudson in "A Little Bit of Heaven" Ladies and gentlemen, we are gathered here today to mourn a sad loss. A luminous, unique presence who ably graced our lives and then was snuffed out far too early. A moment of silence, please, for Kate Hudson’s career.
It seems like only yesterday we were beguiled by the lively, bohemian Penny Lane in “Almost Famous.” But it’s been a painful decade since, as I know many of you gathered here can bear witness. Those of you who steadfastly supported Hudson over the years, who paid good money for “Bride Wars,” for “How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days,” for “Raising Helen,” “You Me & Dupree,” “Fool’s Gold,” “My Best Friend’s Girl,” “Alex and Emma,” “Le Divorce,” and “Something Borrowed” — you know what I’m talking about. You’re heroes for sticking around this long. That’s why it’s both tragic and necessary to come to the end of our journey now, to let her go off to a better place. The D-list. It’s called “A Little Bit of Heaven.”
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Mary Elizabeth Williams is a staff writer for Salon and the author of "Gimme Shelter: My Three Years Searching for the American Dream." Follow her on Twitter: @embeedub. More Mary Elizabeth Williams.
Lessons of a baby bucket list
Avery Lynn Canahuati accomplished a lot in her six months of life. Imagine what the rest of us can do in a lifetime
Avery Lynn Canahuati (Credit: http://averycan.blogspot.com/) What have you accomplished since November? What dreams have you fulfilled? In that time, Avery Lynn Canahuati threw out the first pitch at a baseball game, got a letter from the president and dressed up like a troll doll. She experienced deep love, and changed the lives of her family and friends. And that’s just what Canahuati got done in the first six months of her life. They were also the last.
Canahuati was born in Texas on Nov. 11. This past Good Friday, she was diagnosed with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a group of rare neuromuscular diseases that, in her case, were terminal. “We asked our doctors specifically if there is anything. Is there trial drugs, anything out of the country?” her mother, Linda, told CNN this week. So after “sitting around for two days crying and being devastated, since there is no cure and there is nothing we can do,” her father, Mike, decided to make the most of what was left of his daughter’s cruelly brief expected lifespan. Writing in Avery’s voice, he created a blog — and set a few goals.
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Mary Elizabeth Williams is a staff writer for Salon and the author of "Gimme Shelter: My Three Years Searching for the American Dream." Follow her on Twitter: @embeedub. More Mary Elizabeth Williams.
Words we had after he died
When we lost my husband to cancer, my family's world went upside down. We made sense of it the best we could
(Credit: Tinga via Shutterstock) On the day my husband died, our daughter Allison started screaming my name from her bedroom, where she’d taken refuge. I burst open the door, imagining she had hurt herself, but she was just standing there in the center of the room. “Mom. Mom,” she said. “You are a widow now. A widow. I don’t want you to be a widow. You can’t be a widow.” I had to agree: It just didn’t seem possible.
I tried to hold her, but she was hyperventilating a bit. “I’m ‘the girl whose dad died when she was 13′?” she choked out. “Oh my God. That’s who I am now. When people ask me what my dad does, or how we get along, or anything, that’s how I will have to answer: ‘My dad died when I was 13.’”
Continue Reading CloseKathleen Volk Miller is co-editor of Painted Bride Quarterly, co-director of the Drexel Publishing Group and an Associate Teaching Professor at Drexel University. She is a weekly blogger (Thursdays) for Philadelphia Magazine's Philly Post and is currently working on a collection of essays. Follow her @kvm1303. More Kathleen Volk Miller.
Look at my scars
The remnants of my own illness have taught me that when it comes to difference, don't stare -- but don't turn away
(Credit: Natalia Klenova via Shutterstock) “Do I freak you out?” she had asked.
It was the kind of question adults rarely pose. But Abigail (a pseudonym, like some other names in this piece) is 8, and she doesn’t have any qualms about being direct. The person she was asking, my daughter Beatrice, likewise didn’t hesitate in her reply.
Abigail is new to our school this year. She is in every way a typical second-grader, except that she was born without a left hand. It’s a trait that makes her undeniably noticeable, and so, sometimes, people ask questions. Sometimes Abigail has questions of her own. Sometimes, when you’re different, you want to know.
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Mary Elizabeth Williams is a staff writer for Salon and the author of "Gimme Shelter: My Three Years Searching for the American Dream." Follow her on Twitter: @embeedub. More Mary Elizabeth Williams.
Confronting cancer webcast
Full videos posted for Salon Core conversation on "coming out of the sickness closet" VIDEO
My oncologist says that whoever came up with the phrase “the gift of cancer” has the worst taste in gifts she’s ever heard of. But though it’s not exactly a set of car keys under the seat, cancer has, for the past year and a half, been the gift I’ve been given. And from an initial malignant diagnosis of melanoma through surgery through a Stage 4 rediagnosis through a last-ditch, Phase 1 clinical trial to a recovery that has stunned the research community, I’ve shared this adventure with the readers of Salon. And along the way, you’ve given so much in return. You’ve told me your own experiences with illness, with the healthcare system, with grief and frustration, and with the ways a shattering experience — either your own or that of someone you love — can turn life around. Sometimes even for the better. So it was a unique privilege to get to talk to a few of you recently for a Salon webcast, and answer your questions on life here in Cancer Town. For those of you who couldn’t make it live, videos of the full webcast are posted below.

Mary Elizabeth Williams is a staff writer for Salon and the author of "Gimme Shelter: My Three Years Searching for the American Dream." Follow her on Twitter: @embeedub. More Mary Elizabeth Williams.
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