Chris Colin
Florida’s eerie anthrax scare
Biowarfare experts say the nation shouldn't worry that two men -- and now possibly a woman -- tested positive for exposure to the mysterious bacteria, but panic is proving contagious.
It’s still too soon to know what happened in Boca Raton, Fla., where one man has died of anthrax and a co-worker was found with traces of the deadly bacteria in his nose. Although the FBI took over the investigation, sealing off the office building where the men worked and where additional spores of Bacillus anthracis were recently detected, some of America’s most notable anthrax and biowarfare experts tell us we still don’t have reason to worry.
Certainly the story took a strange turn Monday, when Ernesto Blanco, a 73-year-old mailroom worker at American Media — which owns the National Enquirer, the Star, the Globe, News of the World and other papers — was found to have been exposed to anthrax. Just last week, Bob Stevens, a Sun photo editor, died from the disease. And the New York Post reported Tuesday that David Pecker, president of American Media, claims a third employee from the same office building has tested positive for anthrax exposure. Anxious American Media workers were issued 15-day supplies of Cipro, the antibiotic most effective against anthrax.
But biowarfare experts say there’s no evidence the outbreak was a result of terrorism. “The United States government deserves this panic — the public has been uninformed,” says Milton Leitenberg, senior research fellow for the Center for International and Security Studies at the University of Maryland. “But it’s utter gibberish what [former Secretary of Defense] William Cohen has been saying for years [about imminent biological terror attacks].” Anthrax remains hard to grow, and hard to spread, notes Leitenberg, who has spent the last 35 years studying chemical and biological warfare in his arms control work at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, the Swedish Institute of International Affairs and Center for International Studies’ Peace Studies Program at Cornell University.
Last year he wrote a paper, “An Assessment of the Biological Weapons Threat to the United States,” attempting to discredit mounting fears of an imminent biological attack on U.S. soil. Leitenberg argues what we’ve been hearing steadily but quietly for years: Biowarfare is hard to pull off. Therefore the appearance of anthrax in Florida, he now says, should be approached skeptically.
“The first case [in Boca Raton] began with meningeal symptoms, not shock,” Leitenberg says. This would likely indicate intestinal, rather than inhalation, anthrax. Intestinal anthrax generally signals a natural infection, as opposed to a deliberate one.
Stevens’ autopsy could answer some questions, he notes. “They’re also going to look for lesions in his gut and … between the lungs,” Leitenberg says. Lesions in the gut would be further evidence of a natural infection.
In addition to the autopsy, an identification of the particular anthrax strain will answer many of our questions, Leitenberg says. Many different strains exist, and differ vastly in their toxicity; identifying the specifics about the bacteria found in Boca Raton could take us closer to finding out what happened.
“What’s crucial is what Los Alamos [National Laboratory] tells us about the strain,” says Jeanne Guillemin, sociologist at Boston College and author of “Anthrax: The Investigation of a Deadly Outbreak.” “We should then be able to know which country it came from.”
Then again, she adds, isolating a country of origin isn’t direct proof of terror. If the strain came from Iraq, for instance, that could simply mean that someone accidentally brought the bacteria over on the fibers of a rug. Guillemin points out that America’s scant experience with accidental anthrax infections reveals a pattern of almost unbelievable coincidence: a woman getting spores off her bongo drums in one case; a football player hitting the ground and inhaling some soil in the other.
“My first guess is that it settled out of the air,” she says. “It would be strange if there weren’t spores elsewhere in the office.”
Eric Croddy, a biological weapons expert and senior research associate at the Monterey Institute of International Studies in Washington, shares Leitenberg’s reluctance to cry bioterror.
“I tend to agree with Milton,” he says. “He’s been watching these things for many years.”
Still, Croddy acknowledges, parts of the case don’t add up yet. Croddy, for instance, thinks the victim inhaled the anthrax.
“It seems fairly clear that it was inhalation anthrax,” he says. “And a carcass [a common mode of natural anthrax transmission] is unlikely to generate aerosols.”
Bruce Clements, associate director of St. Louis University’s Center for the Study of Bioterrorism and Emerging Infections, told the Associated Press he doesn’t think the infections were part of a major attack.
“If you had a large release (of anthrax spores), you wouldn’t see just one case,” he says. “We would see quite a few cases.”
But none of the experts could rule out the possibility that the anthrax infection was an experiment, a deliberate but small-scale release. It’s famously difficult to grow a good strain of anthrax — but could the America Media Inc. offices have been a guinea pig for something much larger? “It’s possible someone was testing a solution,” Croddy says.
Indeed, a few hours after Salon spoke to these experts, Newsweek reported that the FBI is looking for a former intern at the office, of Middle Eastern descent, who sent an ominous e-mail, hinting at “something that he left behind.”
Nightmare scenarios notwithstanding, Leitenberg, Guillemin and Croddy bristle at the kind of attention Boca Raton is getting. Even if was deliberate, they say, it’s small and contained, and biological weapons remain extremely difficult to manage. So as Attorney General John Ashcroft steps up the warnings and 300 employees from the infected Florida office building get tested for bacteria, at least a few experts remind us that a major anthrax attack is still unlikely.
“I’m leery of all the fear-mongering,” Guillemin says. “America is very healthy. Anthrax goes for older people. Smallpox goes for the weak. We could afford to focus more on other risks.”
A teepee grows in Oakland
As camps are raided and evicted elsewhere, the city's movement builds a symbol -- and searches for purpose
A teepee grows in Oakland (Credit: Chris Colin) OAKLAND — As evicted Occupy groups around the country suffer further dispossession (L.A. and Philadelphia camps were raided by police last night) the press release from Occupy Oakland read like a signal flare. At noon Tuesday, it announced, activists would retake Frank Ogawa Plaza and “create a model for a new wave of ‘Occupation’ protest throughout the United States.”
What actually happened was a little more ambiguous, to say nothing of strange. Also, it revolved around a teepee.
Continue Reading CloseThe chimp who thought he was a boy
Raised like a son by a New York City family as part of a language experiment, Nim Chimpsky was shipped away when funds ran out. A new biography tells Nim's story.
Sometimes we’re animals.
How else to account for a man who approaches a female chimp nursing its wide-eyed newborn, takes aim amid howling protests from nearby apes and blasts the mother with a tranquilizer dart — then snatches the sobbing infant and delivers it to an otherwise thoughtful, loving woman, who whisks the creature off to her New York brownstone?
It was science, this was the ’70s, and the gauntlet had been thrown down by none other than Noam Chomsky. While nonhumans may communicate with one another, the MIT linguist said, they are fundamentally incapable of language. Columbia University professor Herbert Terrace set out to disprove the assertion with an ambitious and groundbreaking study. The experiment that followed involved a cleverly named chimpanzee and some less-than-clever human choices. The fascinating, ultimately heartbreaking account has finally been told in journalist Elizabeth Hess’ primate biography, “Nim Chimpsky: The Chimp Who Would Be Human.”
Continue Reading CloseJust rewards
Last week Wesley Autrey threw himself in front of a subway to save a man. Does tossing a $10,000 reward and a trip to Disney World at a hero diminish his otherworldly deeds?
I know the Wesley Autrey story is a week old, but if you’re not still processing it, and your eyes don’t still well up at the thought, then your heart is a pebble and you should be out pinching the elderly instead of online reading magazines.
Here’s the problem, looking back: I don’t know what to do with the world’s Wesley Autreys.
Continue Reading CloseHave you heard my rape joke?
A Colorado University sophomore keeps the ACLU in business.
The University of Colorado at Boulder has announced it will take no disciplinary action against sophomore Max Karson, whose self-published newsletter caused uproar among women’s groups with prose such as:
“Women generally prefer that you jam your penis into their vaginas as quickly as possible during sex, ideally before it is wet at all, so they can really feel it. They will express their appreciation for this by saying, ‘ow.’”
Continue Reading ClosePelosi’s family values
She campaigned as a mother. Will she fight for American families?
Soon, with luck, Rep. Nancy Pelosi’s gender will cease to be a news item. But while we are still celebrating the fact of a female speaker of the House, it seems like a good time for the feminist left, as well as the paranoid right, to ask what kind of leader she’ll actually be for America. In the New York Times today, Judith Warner hits several nails on their heads all at once.
Continue Reading ClosePage 1 of 18 in Chris Colin