Fiction

Truncat

What if you could file-share someone's consciousness? Would it be a violation, or the ultimate communication therapy? A short story by Cory Doctorow.

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Truncat

“Adrian, you have a million friends,” his mother said. “That’s an audited stat. I’m sorry if you feel isolated, but none of us are moving to Bangalore just so you can chum it up with this fellow.”

Adrian fought to control his irritation. His mother was always cranky before breakfast, and a full-blown fight could extend that mood through the whole day. No one needed that. “Mom,” he said, twisting his body in the narrow, three-person coffin he shared with his folks so that he could look her in the eye, “I’m not asking you to move to India. All I’m doing is explaining my paper.”

His mother snorted. “The Last Generation on Earth, really! Adrian, if I were your instructor, I sure wouldn’t graduate you on the strength of something like that. I don’t really care if that boy in India has convinced the ITT people that his trendy little thesis holds water. The University of Toronto has higher standards than that.”

It had been a mistake to even discuss it with his mother. At 180, she was hardly equipped to understand the pressures he and his minuscule generation faced. He should’ve just written it and stuck it in his advisor’s public directory. Only just that he’d had the coolest idea in the night and he’d reflexively bounced it off of her: Once his generation reached maturity, the whole planet would be post-human, and a new, new era would start. The Bitchun Society, Phase II.

“OK, Mom, OK. I’m going to get breakfast — you want to come?”

“No,” she said, rolling back over. “I’m going to wait for your father.”

Past her, he saw the snoring bulk of his father, still zonked out even through their heated exchange. Adrian grasped the ceiling rails and inched himself out of the coffin and into the public corridor.

His gut was rumbling, but the queue for the canteen was still lengthy, packed with breakfasters from the warren where he made his home. Reluctantly, he decided to skip breakfast and go to his private spot. It was almost backup time, and he needed to do some purging.

Truth be told, Adrian’s private spot was not all that private, and it was a humongous bitch to reach. His netpals liked to compare notes on their hidey-holes, and Adrian was certain that he had the shittiest, least practical of the lot.

First, Adrian got on the subway, opting to go deadhead for a faster load-time. He stepped into the sparkling cryochamber at the Downsview Station, conjured a helmet-mounted display (HUD) against his field of vision, and granted permission to be frozen. The next thing he knew, he was thawing out on the Union Station platform, pressed belly-to-butt with a couple thousand other commuters who’d opted for the same treatment. In India, where this kind of convenience-freezing was even more prevalent, Mohan had observed that the reason their generation was small for their age was that they spent so much of it in cold-sleep, conserving space in transit. Adrian might’ve been 18, but he figured that he’d spent at least one cumulative year frozen.

Adrian shuffled through the crowd and up the stairs to the steady-temp surface, peeling off the routing sticker that the cryo had stuck to his shoulder. His tummy was still rumbling, so he popped the sticker in his mouth and chewed until it had dissolved, savoring the steaky flavor and the burst of calories. The guy who’d figured out edible routing tags had Whuffie to spare: Adrian’s mom knew someone who knew someone who knew him, and she said that he had an entire subaquatic palace to rattle around in.

A clamor of swallowing noises filled his ears, as the crowd subvocalized, carrying on conversations with distant friends. Adrian basked in the warm, simulated sunlight emanating from the dome overhead. He was going outside of the dome in a matter of minutes, and he had a sneaking suspicion that he was going to be plenty cold soon enough. He patted his little rucksack and made sure he had his cowl with him.

He inched his way through the crowd down Bay Street to the ferry docks, absently paging through his public directory, looking at the stuff he’d accumulated in the night. It would all have to go, of course, but he wanted a chance to run some of it before then. Most of it was crap, of course. The average backup of the average citizen of the Bitchun Society was hardly interesting enough to warrant flash-baking, but there were gems, oh yes.

His private spot hung tantalizingly before him, just outside of the dome. The press of bodies parted and he lengthened his step to the docks, boarded the ferry with a nod to the operator in his booth, and hustled into one of the few seats on the prow, pulling on his cowl as the ferry pushed away and headed off toward the airlock at Toronto Island.

It was even colder than the last time. The telltale on his cowl showed -48 degrees C with the wind-chill. His nose and toes went instantly numb, and he tucked them under the cowl’s warmth.

His private place was just a short slosh from the westernmost beach at Hanlon’s Point on Toronto Island, a forgotten smartbuoy, bristling with self-repairing electronics, like a fractal porcupine. It had been a couple weeks since his last foray there, and in the interim, the buoy had grown more instrumentation, closing over the narrow entryway into its console-pod. Cursing under his breath, Adrian wrapped his cowl around his hands and broke off the antennae, tossing them into the choppy Lake Ontario froth. Then he climbed inside and held his breath.

Breakers crashing on Hanlon’s Point. Distant hum of the airlock. A plane buzzing overhead. Silence, of a sort. A half-eaten sandwich moldered near his right ham. Disgustedly, he pitched it out, silently cursing the maintenance crews that periodically made their way out to his buoy and tried to puzzle out the inexplicable damage he’d wrought on it.

But the silence, ah. His mother never understood the need for silence. She was comforted by the farting, breathing, shuffling swarm of humanity that bracketed her at all times. She’d spent a couple decades jaunting, tin-plated and iron-lunged in the vast emptiness of space, and she’d had her fill of quiet and then some. Adrian, though, with 18 (or 17) years of the teeming hordes of the post-want Bitchun Society, couldn’t get enough of it.

His public directory was bursting with backups, the latest batch that his contemporaries around the world had passed to him. Highly illegal, the backups were out-of-date consciousness-memoirs created by various citizens of the Bitchun Society, a weekly hedge against irreparable physical harm.

Theoretically, when you made a new backup, the old one was discarded, the file copied to a nonexistent node on the distributed network formed by the combined processing power of the implanted computers carried by every member of the Bitchun Society. Theoretically.

Adrian paged through the directory. Carrying one of the bootlegs into a backup terminal would mean instant detection. Even xmitting it to someone else was risky, and prone to being sniffed. But Mohan, his netpal in Bangalore, had authored a sweet little tool that allowed for xmission over the handshaking and routing channel, a narrowband circuit that carried unreliable — and hence untraceable — information that would have been overheard in the main data channels. The Million had quickly adopted the tool, and they used it to pass their contraband to each other, copying the bootlegs prior to erasing them when their own weekly backup sched rolled around.

Adrian had good Whuffie with the Million. Nothing like Mohan, of course, but still good — he reliably stored bootlegs for the Million, even if it meant putting off his own backup until he could find safe storage for all those materials entrusted to him. He didn’t mind: being a high-Whuffie storage repository meant that he got everyone’s most precious bootlegs for safekeeping.

Like this one, the backup of a third-gen Bitchun, born at the end of the XXIst century, female (though that hadn’t lasted long). Seventy years later, her/his backup was a rich tapestry of memories, spectacular space battles, incredible sexual adventures, side-splitting jokes, exotic flavors and esoteric knowledge absorbed from brilliant teachers all over the planet. He’d held onto it for two weeks now, and flash-baked it nearly every day.

Time to do it again. Quickly, he executed the command, and shuddered as that consciousness was rolled up into a bullet of memories and insights and fired directly into his mind, unfolding overtop of his own thoughts and dreams so that for a moment, he was that person, her/his self enveloping Adrian with an infinitude of bombarding sense impressions.

It ebbed away, the rush fading in a synaptic crackle, leaving him trembling and wrung out. He slumped against the buoy’s spiny interior and brought up a HUD and started an agent searching for another member of the Million with storage to spare for a copy of it.

Backup days were flash-baking days. In the buoy, Adrian flash-baked a dozen times, alternating between timeworn favorites and the tastiest morsels deposited by the rest of the Million. He gorged himself on the antique consciousnesses of the immortals of the Bitchun Society, past satiety and full to bursting, his head throbbing dangerously.

Each time, he carefully passed the file to the network, waiting while the churning, clunking handshaking channel completed the transfer. He didn’t mind the wait: It gave him a moment for the synesthetic rushes to pass. Time grew short, and his gut growled protests, sending up keotic belches that filled the closed space with the smell of esters.

One more, one more, deposited for safekeeping by Mohan himself in the night. Mohan sat at the river’s headwaters, the source of all the bootlegs. He was the theoretically nonexistent node to which the backup network flushed its expired files. When he identified a keeper, it had to be good. Adrian had saved it for last, and now he rolled it and jammed it into his brain.

God. God. The person was so old, saurian and slow, nearly 300, an original revolutionary from the dawn of the Bitchun Society. Just a kid, then, rushing the barricades, destroying the churches, putting on a homemade police uniform and forming the first ad-hoc police force. Boldly walking out of a shop with an armload of groceries, not paying a cent, shouting jauntily over his shoulder to “Charge it up to the ol’ Whuffie, all right?”

What a time! Society in hybrid, halfway Bitchun. The religious ones eschewing backup, dying without any hope of recovery, entrusting their souls to Heaven instead of a force-grown clone that would accept an upload of their backup when the time came. People actually dying, dying in such number that there were whole industries built around them: gravediggers and funeral directors in quiet suits! People refusing free energy, limitless food, immortality.

And the Bitchun Society outwaited them. They died one at a time, and the revolutionaries were glad to see them go, each one was one less dissenter, until all that remained was the reputation economy, the almighty Whuffie Point, and a surfeit of everything except space.

Adrian’s grin was rictus, the hard mirth of the revolutionaries when the last resister was planted in the ground, their corpses embalmed rather than recycled. Years and decades and centuries ticked past, lessons learned, forgotten, relearned. Lovers, strange worlds, inventions and symphonies and magnificent works of art, and ahead, oh ahead, the centuries unrolling, an eternity of rebirth and relearning, the consciousness living on forever.

And then it was over, and Adrian was sweating and still grinning, the triumphant hurrah of the revolutionary echoing in his mind, the world his oyster.

“Oh, Mohan,” he breathed to himself. “Oh, that was terrific.” He scouted the network on his HUD, looking for a reliable member of the Million, someone he could offload this to so that he could get it back after his own backup was done. There — a girl in France, directory wide open. He started the transfer, then settled back to bask in the remembered exultation of his last flash-bake.

His cochlea chimed. The HUD said it was his mother. Damn.

“Hi, Mom,” he said.

“Adrian!” she said. “Where are you?” She wasn’t in a good mood, that much was clear.

“Uh,” he said. “On the subway,” he extemporized. “I’m gonna see if Mr. Bosco can see me.” Bosco was the admissions advisor at the University of Toronto that he’d been sucking up to lately, trying to charm the old ad-hocrat into letting him into school for the fall semester. It wasn’t easy: The undergrad program at the University was winding down in favor of exclusive, high-Whuffie one-on-one grad programs. Teaching the sparse undergrads of the Million was anything but a glamor gig.

“Bosco?” his mother said, mollified. “Well, that’s … good. Listen, I don’t want you talking about this admissions paper idea of yours — nobody wants to hear about how you and your friends are the last generation of humans. Every generation thinks they’re special — it’s just not so.”

“Fine,” he said. He wouldn’t talk to Bosco anytime soon if he could help it, anyway.

“Your father worked with you on that good N-P Complete proof. Present that instead.”

“Sure,” he said. The revolutionary still echoed in his mind, like distant gunfire.

His mother talked on, and he kept his answers down to one syllable until she let him go. Back in the quiet of the buoy, he quickly purged all the bootlegs from his public directory, pulled his cowl tight and reluctantly climbed outside and back to the Island, there to await the ferry.

- – - – - – - – - – - -

Adrian’s backup was uneventful, a moment before a secure broadband terminal while his life flashed before his eyes, extracted and spread out to a redundant assortment of nodes on the 15 billion-person network that carpeted the earth.

This obeisance to the Bitchun Society completed, he took to the downtown streets, waiting for the files he’d farmed out and deleted to trickle back in. Waiting for the revolutionary’s backup, for another taste of exultation and grandiose triumph. He walked all the way from Union Station to Bloor, a good hour in the glottal press of the lunchtime crowd, and still the revolutionary failed to reappear. Clucking his tongue in annoyance, he ducked into a doorway and checked for the French girl.

Her directory was purged! In the space of mere hours, she’d discarded all the third-party files deposited in her personal directory!

It was really inexcusable. The only possible mitigation would be if she’d passed the file on to someone else before deleting it. He spawned an agent and set it hunting for the file through the network of the Million, branching out in binary search from the nodes that were most commonly employed by the French girl.

His mother rang his cochlea again, and he passed her to voice mail, but the ringing stung him into worry. He had a week before the admissions committee deadline at the U of T, and he’d never hear the end of it if he didn’t get in. He thought back to the revolutionary, to his participation in the grad-student takeover of the Soc Department in the mid-XXIst, the replacement of tenure with Whuffie.

Those were the days! Real battles, real principles, and the blissful, blessed elbow room. That’s what he needed. Or, failing that, another crack at flash-baking the bootleg. Damn that French bimbo, anyway.

His cochlea rang again, his mother. Resigned, he answered.

“Adrian, where are you?” She sounded like she was in a better mood, anyway.

“I’m at Yonge and Bloor, Mom. Having a walk, looking for somewhere to get some lunch.”

“What did Mr. Bosco say?”

Damn, damn, damn. “He said he’d think about it — he’ll get back to me with comments tomorrow.”

“Really?” his mother said, sounding genuinely interested. Bosco had never really given him the time of day.

“Yeah,” he said. “I think he liked it, the N-P Complete thing, I mean. I didn’t mention the other thing.”

“Funny,” she said, and her voice was all ice now. “He didn’t mention your visit at all when I spoke to him just now.”

The blood drained from Adrian’s face. He wouldn’t hear the end of this for some time. “Uh,” he said.

“Just listen to me, kid, don’t say anything else. You’re in enough trouble as it is. I’ve got your father conferenced in, and I can tell you he isn’t looking like he’s very happy.

“Now, here’s how it’s going to be. I’ve set up an appointment with Bosco in one hour. I had to call in a lot of favors to do it, and you will be on time. Your father will be there, and you’ll tell Bosco how excited you are by this opportunity. You won’t mention this stupidity you’ve been chasing. You will show him how diligent you are in your studies, show him how much you can benefit the university, and you will be cheerful and smart. Do you understand?”

“Yes,” Adrian said. Jesus, she was furious.

“One hour,” she said, and rang off.

Adrian’s agent found the bootleg again just as he reached the waiting room at Innis College. The French one had passed it on before deleting it, to another girl in Kansas. Sighing with relief, he queued the download just as his father arrived.

Adrian’s father was apparent 22, hardly older-seeming than Adrian himself, though his real age was closer to 122. All Adrian’s life, his father had kept himself at an apparent age that was just a few years older than Adrian’s own, following a bit of child-rearing wisdom that had been trendy 50 years before, just as the Bitchun Society started to mete out Whuffie-punishments for those people selfish enough to contribute to the overcrowding by reproducing. The logic ran that having a father of playmate-size would reduce the loneliness of the children of the diminished generation of the day.

At 22, Adrian’s father was heavyset and acne-pocked, his meaty pelt bulging whenever it came into contact with the light cotton djellaba he wore around town.

He gave Adrian a curt nod when he arrived, his eyes fixed on a space in the middle-distance where his omnipresent HUD shone for him alone. He took a seat next to Adrian and rang his cochlea.

Adrian rolled his eyes and answered subvocally. Why his father couldn’t have an unmediated conversation was beyond him. “Hi, Dad,” he said.

“Hi there. Had a good morning?”

“Good enough,” Adrian answered. “How’s Mom?”

His father subvocalized a chuckle, the sound in Adrian’s cochlea blending weirdly with the swallowing sounds from his father’s throat. “She’s pretty angry. Don’t worry about it — we’ll do a dog ‘n’ pony for Bosco and she’ll forget all about it.”

Bosco opened the office door and greeted them. Adrian’s father answered audibly, his voice rusty from disuse.

In Bosco’s leatherbound academic cave of an office, the two adults chattered boringly and lengthily. Adrian knew the drill, knew that it could be a long time before anyone could have anything to say to him.

Sneaking a glance at his father and Bosco, he rolled up the revolutionary’s backup and flash-baked it.

The life unrolled over his mind, the early days of the Bitchun Society, the physical battles and the ego clashes; first adulthood lived as a nomad, trekking around the globe; a second and third adulthood, a fourth, moving toward that moment at which the backup was taken, when eternity unrolled, and

snip

It cut off.

Adrian’s eyes popped open. Damn. Truncat! The file had been chopped short during transmission between the nodes. Half the revolutionary’s life vanished into a random scattering of bits and aether.

Bosco was looking expectantly at him, heavy-lidded, wavy hair and thick eyebrows and crinkles at the corners of his eyes from long hours of thinking. He had said something. Hurriedly, Adrian zipped through his short-term AV capture on a HUD, played back to Bosco saying, “Well, Adrian, this is a very well-prepared entrance paper. Can you tell me what it is about mathematics that interests you?”

Now Bosco and Adrian’s father were both staring, and Adrian mimed concentration, as though he were genuinely considering his answer. In truth, he was paging through his files for the canned response his mother had provided him with, but there was no sense in admitting it.

“I’ve always loved math,” he recited, struggling to remember the phrasing. “I just can’t help seeing the mathematical relationships in everyday life. It just makes sense to me.”

Bosco nodded, the ritual response satisfying him. Adrian’s father gave him an appraising look and went back to wrangling with Bosco. It all came down to Whuffie, anyway — did Adrian’s parents have enough reputation capital that their gratitude to Bosco outweighed the upset the teaching staff would feel when they were saddled with a lowly undergrad?

- – - – - – - – - – - -

The meeting was hardly over before his mother was conferencing Adrian and his father in. As it turned out, Adrian’s father had been dumping a real-time video stream to her all through the meeting; she’d seen it all. “Adrian,” she said, sharply, “What’s the matter with you? You were completely out of it during that whole thing.”

“I was just thinking, Mom. I got distracted. I think it went well, anyway, right, Dad?”

“Sure, sure,” his father subvocalized, patting him on the shoulder. “I think you’re all set for next term.”

But Adrian’s mother was not to be mollified. “Adrian, I’m sick of all this flakiness. I know exactly what you were thinking about –” Adrian’s heart sank: how could she know about the bootleg? “All that adolescent hand-wringing about your generation is distracting you from your real priorities, and it’s time you smartened up. Grant me private access, I want a look at what you’ve been up to.”

Oh, shit. Hurriedly, Adrian flushed the bootlegs. His mother hadn’t gone picking though his files in years, so it took him a moment to remember the mnemonic that erased the bootlegs and all records of their existence from his personal storage. In his cochlea, his mother made impatient noises, and that sure didn’t help.

Once the data was flushed, he granted her access. He watched dismally as his system log scrolled by, every file in his storage piping through his mother’s keyword filter.

“‘The parents of the Million are understandably resentful of their offspring,’” she read, in a dangerous voice. It was the paper he and Mohan had been collaborating on, and he knew she wasn’t going to like it. “‘For whatever reason, they chose to bring a generation into being at a time when the world wanted nothing but. The sacrifices they’ve endured since are immense, Whuffie penalties that mount daily as their peers make their disapproval felt. Our parents are stuck in the closest thing the Bitchun Society has to poverty, and it’s our fault.’”

She paused and drew breath. “All right, Mom, all right, that’s enough,” Adrian said. “I’ll get rid of it.”

She snorted. “You’re damned right, you will. Just adolescent nonsense –”

“I know,” Adrian said. “I’m sorry.” Mohan had a copy, anyway — he could recover it later.

“Don’t switch off my access, either,” she said, to Adrian’s dismay. “I’ll be checking in regularly from now on — you’ve got to concentrate on your studies, not this, this –”

Words failed her.

Adrian thought his mother would be mollified when Bosco called her later that day to say that he was to be admitted for the summer term in the Department of Applied Mathematics at the University of Toronto. But she couldn’t let go of her suspicion that he was up to no good.

Mohan’s theory was that she was worked up over the possibility that she was nearly shut of the stigma of mothering one of the Million, and that she feared that he would do something that would rain down fresh shame on her.

So, the random audits of his files continued, daily at different times. Adrian hardly flash-baked at all in the next week, and he fell into a grimy, hyperreal mood, bereft of access to others’ consciousnesses. It wasn’t that the Bitchun Society had anything to complain about: food, shelter, entertainment, travel, communications — all of it freely available. No disease that couldn’t be cured with rejuve, or, failing that, refreshing from backup into a clone. But three months remained until his term started, three long months of not being able to swap polemics with Mohan, of not being able to roll up the lovely consciousnesses that he scored through Mohan and jam them into his brain.

After a week of it, he was positively buggy, ready to have himself frozen until classes started. During the scarce hours when he and Mohan were awake and online at the same moment, he was able to work remotely off of Mohan’s systems, but the lag through the kludged-up channel made it so painful he could hardly bear it.

His salvation came 10 days after the acceptance.

He was en route to his private spot when it happened. Thawing out on the curb outside of Union Station, chewing thoughtfully at his routing tag, he was approached by a stranger. The woman was apparent 17, and a quick back-check of her public I.D. verified that she was actually 17, another member of the Million, a needle in the demographic haystack. She snuck up on him while he was ruefully paging through the public directories where he’d put his bootlegs the last time his mother had gone tiptoeing through his consciousness, salvaging what he could from the tatters of his beloved collection. She was wearing a cowl like his, and had odd, vaguely Asian features, round-faced and flat-nosed, but with a fair cast to her skin that was almost paper-white. She tapped his shoulder and spoke aloud, a clear, young voice ringing out in the mumbling white-noise of the subvocalizing crowd.

“Hi there!” she said. A few people turned to stare, their eyes flicking up to HUDs where they examined the pair’s Whuffie and designation.

“Hello,” Adrian said.

“My name’s Tina,” she said. Her speech had long, spacey vowels in it, the speech of a jaunter somewhere in the dark nothings of interstellar space, crackling through adventure dramas on the net.

“Adrian,” he said, and put his hand out.

She chuckled. “Wow, you really do that, huh?”

“What?”

“Shake hands! I’ve seen it in historicals, but never in real life.” She shook his hand, harder than was necessary. “I’m pleased to meet you, Adrian. What do you do?”

“What?” he said again.

“You know, what’s your role? I used to help out with the hydroponics, before we came here. Now my folks say I’ve got to find something new to do. What do you do?”

“Uh,” Adrian said. She was a jaunter, freshly back from space, probably landed at Aristide Interplanetary just north of the city. He didn’t know much about jaunters, but he did know that their version of the Bitchun Society was a little nonstandard. “I’m a student,” he said.

“Wow!” she said. “Full-time? What do you study?”

“I’m doing applied maths at U of T. Will be, anyway,” he corrected himself. “This summer.”

Her face clouded for a moment as she chewed this over. “How long are you going to be doing that for?”

“It’s a four-year degree.”

“Four years?” she said, shocked.

“Yes.”

“That’s a long time! Who’s going to take your job when you go?”

“What job?” Adrian asked. He wasn’t sure how he’d been drawn into this conversation, but he was enjoying it, in a disorienting way.

“The job you do now,” she said, as though explaining something to an idiot.

He fished for words, then watched as comprehension dawned on her. “You don’t do anything now, do you?”

He grinned. “Not really, no.”

She clapped her hands. “You people are really freaky, you know that? What do you do all day, if you’re not working?”

Adrian opened his mouth and she looked at him with such guilelessness that he made a rash and wonderful decision.

“I’ll show you,” he said, and struck off to the ferry docks.

- – - – - – - – - – - -

It was tough squeezing two people into the buoy, but they managed to clamber in, with much blushing and inadvertent placement of hands and elbows. Adrian’s sexual experiences to date had been entirely teledildonic, and the reality of his close proximity to someone of the opposite sex had his ears glowing pink.

Tina took it all in stride, remarking that she’d been in much closer quarters aboard the ship she’d grown up on, bending time and space on a long voyage out to what turned out to be a hunk of dead, airless rock. “It’s pretty cool for Earth, though,” she allowed.

Adrian covered his embarrassment by furiously combing the network for some decent bootlegs. Though not officially one of the Million, Tina was a generational comrade, and entitled to try out flash-baking under the terms of the agreement that Mohan had insisted the Million subscribe to if they wanted access to his booty. Adrian’s researches located a real plum, the revolutionary’s backup, trunced to a mere nubbin of its former glory, but still a good choice for Tina’s first experience. He downloaded it from a boy in Vancouver and pushed it into Tina’s public directory. She cast her eyes up and they tracked over her HUD.

“What’s this?” she asked.

“It’s what I do,” Adrian said, and sent her the flash-baking app. “We’ll run it together.”

Together, they executed the app, rolling the bootleg and baking it. Adrian suppressed a groan of disappointment. The file was so foreshortened that it barely registered for him, just a distant hurrah of triumph and then it was gone.

Tina, though, was taken completely aback, her breathing heavy, her jaw hanging limp. Slowly, her almond eyes fluttered open, and she rolled her head from side to side langorously.

“That was really fine,” she said. “Really. How do you know Nestor?”

“Who?”

“The guy in the backup — Nestor. He was on the ship with us.”

Adrian’s heart slammed in his chest. “You know him?”

“Yeah!” she said. “Of course! I grew up with him.”

Adrian reeled. She knew the revolutionary! He could meet him, get another copy of the bootleg —

“Wait, you don’t know Nestor?” she said.

He shook his head, his mind racing. He would meet him, go with him to see Mohan, tell him their theories about the Million —

“How did you get this if you don’t know Nestor?” she asked.

His thoughts screeched to a halt. “It’s a bootleg,” he said. “An illicit copy.”

She gave him a hard look and he realized what was weird about her eyes, her skin. She’d been tin-plated, iron-lunged and steely-eyed all her life, until she made Earth. She’d only had naked eyes for a few days. Now, they looked steely, distant and considering.

“You’re saying that you got this without Nestor’s permission?” she asked.

So he explained about the bootlegs, about Mohan’s discovery of a back door that let him designate his personal storage with the generic I.D. used for the system’s discard bin, how Mohan had distributed the backups over the handshaking channel. He was warming up to a discussion of generational politics when she interrupted him.

“That’s awful!” she said. “These are private — how can you just trade them around?”

He hadn’t actually given it any thought in years. “It’s not like we’re spying on our friends,” he said, hastily. “These people are strangers. We’ll never know who they are — but it’s the only way we can learn about –”

“Nestor’s not a stranger,” she said, flatly. “He ran the engine room on my ship. He won’t like this very much, either.”

“Wait!” Adrian said, alarmed. “You’re not going to tell him, are you? We could get into a lot of trouble.”

“You mean you could get into a lot of trouble,” she said.

“Fine,” he said, hotly. “Go ahead. That’s what I get for making friends with a stranger.”

That stopped her. “We’re friends?” she said.

“Sure,” he said. “You’re the only person I’ve ever brought here. That’s friendship, isn’t it?”

“But you just met me!” she said. “How can you be my friend?” She seemed genuinely distressed.

“Well, I just liked you is all,” he said. “You asked me good questions. I thought I could ask you some. I showed you this place, let you flash-bake one of my bootlegs –”

“And that makes us friends?” She shook her head. “On the ship, we treated everyone like that. Friends were really …” she dug for the word. “It wasn’t so casual. Friends were a big deal.”

“You see?” Adrian said, glad to be off the subject of the bootlegs. “That’s just the kind of thing that makes us great friends — you don’t know your way around Earth and I don’t know much about space, so we’ve got lots to talk about. What were friends like on the ship?”

And off they went, and at first, Adrian was just relieved, but she had wonderful stories, stories of bravery and devotion, of friends scattered to the stars, seas and Earth when the ship returned to Earth, of the hollow longing she felt for them now. Before he knew it, it was nightfall, and he’d located another bootleg, fresh from Mohan, and they flash-baked it and agreed that having the whole file was better than just some little stub of a truncat, but that being said, her friend Nestor had a much more interesting life than the 80-year-old painter they’d just run.

When they parted for the night, Adrian took her hand and told her what a wonderful time he’d had with her. “Could you do me a favor, do you think?”

“Sure!” she said, brightly.

“Could you hold onto some files for me?”

If she’d hesitated, even for an instant, he would have taken it back, told her not to bother. He wasn’t a bastard — she was really cool, the first person his age he’d been in company with in years, just wonderful to hang with. She didn’t hesitate, not even for an instant.

“Sure,” she said, and he moved all the bootlegs he’d picked up that afternoon to her storage.

Adrian wasn’t really sure what physically proximate friends did for fun, but Tina had all sorts of ideas. They met up for breakfast the next morning at a public maker near Adrian’s place, and the queue had never seemed shorter, as they gabbled in the near-silence of the thronged corridor.

They walked while they shoveled post-scarcity waffles and sausage into their mouths, Tina remarking constantly on the crowds, the sheer thronging humanity of it all. The parks were all too dense for fun, but they found ample elbow room way out in the east end, where untalented sculptors operated public studios in the unpopular former scraplands.

The fight was Adrian’s fault. “I want to meet him,” Adrian said, as they watched a man with hammer and chisel crawl over a hideous marble lion.

“Him?” Tina said. “Why? He stinks.”

Adrian smiled and shushed her. “Not so loud — anyway, he’s not as bad as some of the people around here. No, not him — Nestor, the ship’s engineer. You know –”

Her expression slammed shut. “No. God! No! Adrian, why –” She choked on whatever she was going to say next.

Adrian, taken aback, said carefully, “Why not? I really, you know, admire him.”

“But you’ve been inside his head!” she said, scandalized. “How could you look him in the eye after –” Again, words failed her.

“But that’s why I want to meet him! What I saw, what he knows, it just makes so much sense. I feel like he could really tell me what it’s all about.”

Her eyes took on the aspect of steel again, the million lightyear stare. “If you talk to Nestor, I’ll never speak to you again. I’ll — I’ll turn you in! I’ll report you and all of your pals!”

“Jesus, Tina, what’s wrong with you? You’re supposed to be my friend and now you’re going to turn me in?” He was so angry, he could hardly speak. He wished he was talking to her over the network, so that he could just hang up and walk away. He did the next best thing, turning on his heel and walking away.

“Hey,” Tina shouted, angry too.

He kept on walking.

- – - – - – - – - – - -

She found him in his private place, holding a one-sided argument with his mother. “Mom, I’m old enough to get a place of my own, and you can’t stop me,” he shouted into the buoy’s guts. In her cochlea, he heard his mother’s grunt of anger, and his HUD was filled with the scrolling system log as she angrily deleted his files, being on a particularly nasty tear that day.

“Mom!” he shouted again. “Talk to me or I’ll — I’ll lock you out!”

Tina watched this, half in, half out of the buoy, her bottom exposed to the frigid stinging rain, her face flushed with the captured body heat in the buoy. Adrian had yet to notice her, too absorbed in his conversation.

“That’s it,” he said. “I’m locking you out now.”

He opened his eyes and sighed back against the buoy’s bulkhead. He saw Tina and let out a surprised “Yah!”

He recovered quickly, gave her a nasty look and said, “Get out! Jesus, just leave me alone!”

She’d been calling him, leaving messages on his voice mail for a week, but he had her blocked and the messages just kept getting returned, unheard. Defiantly, she crawled the rest of the way in and huddled as far from him as she could, which still meant that she was halfway in his lap.

“God, they must be stupid in space,” Adrian ranted. “Can’t you understand I don’t want to talk to you? Go away!”

Tina gave him an appraising look. “One thing we learn in space,” she said, “is how to outwait a bad mood. I’m not leaving until we have a chance to talk, and if you don’t like it, that’s too bad. You’re not getting rid of me unless you throw me into the lake.”

Adrian fumed and closed his eyes. He searched fruitlessly for a decent bootleg, but his connections had dried up and dropped off in the two weeks since his mother’s spot checks had curtailed his trading. It could take days to build them up again.

“Fine,” he said at length. “Say your piece and go, all right?”

“Turn on public access,” Tina said. Adrian started to protest, but she fixed him with her stare. “Do it,” she said, firmly.

Adrian sighed dramatically and closed his eyes, then watched as all the bootlegs he’d stored with her were passed back to his storage. Everything! “Thanks,” he said, cautiously. “What’s going on? Are you planting evidence before turning me in?”

She shook her head. “I deserve that, I suppose. There’s one more,” she said. And a file name appeared in his HUD.

“What is it?” he said.

“Just try it,” she said.

He rolled it up and baked it, then grunted in shock. It was Nestor’s backup, complete and whole, centuries of life, stretching up to the current day. There was Tina in the memories, her birth on ship, her growing up. There was the voyage, the long trip taken in vain and the long return home. The new memories were mirror-bright and cold as space, all the vigor and passion drained with nothing but a hard waiting in their place.

He opened his eye. “Where –” he began, but couldn’t finish. He waved his hands at her.

Tina grinned wryly. “I took it from the ship,” she said. “I still have access to its utility files. It’s just past Pluto now, spacing out for another mission. That made it a little tricky to transfer, but I got it.”

“Thanks,” he said.

She tilted her head. “Don’t thank me,” she said.

It was sinking in now, that hardness, that waiting, the centuries ahead dull and indistinguishable from the ones behind, and no hope of it ever ending. The miserable, fatal knowledge that there was only more of this, more and more, forever, and no break in the monotony. It settled over him like lead weight, sapping everything, even the anger at his mother. Endless days of plenty …

“How did he get so, so –”

“We used to say he was ‘arid,’” Tina said. “None of the parents on the ship would let the kids go near him, so of course we snuck over to see him whenever we could. He hasn’t had a rejuve in, oh, forever, and he looks like a silver skeleton. We’d pester him with questions, and he’d just stare and stare, then finally say something so amazingly depressing.”

“But how? He was so, so — passionate. He made me feel like there was a chance, like I could make a difference,” Adrian said. That first bootleg, it must have dated back to before the ship left, a relative century before, and it was flushed into Mohan’s honey-pot when the ship returned and Nestor made a fresh backup.

Tina shrugged. “Space changes people,” she said, simply. “Time, too. He’s nearly 400 now, you know. My parents called him a post-person. You know, what comes after people. That’s why we didn’t ship out again — they don’t want that to happen to them. Nestor wasn’t the only one.”

Adrian shuddered. A ship full of people like that, years cooped up in quarters tighter than any he’d known on Earth …

“You see why I didn’t want you to meet him,” she said.

“Oh, I can take care of myself,” he said. “You didn’t have to worry about me.”

She gave him another quizzical look. Her glance was more natural now, less spacey. Her skin, too, had taken on a tone that was more human. “I wasn’t worried about you,” she said. “I was worried about Nestor! He’s OK most of the time, but when you get him talking about the old days, he just breaks down. You’ve never seen anyone so miserable. Poor old Nestor,” she said, with feeling.

“Say, I’ve got one more for you, if you’re interested,” she said. “Brand new,” she added.

“Sure,” Adrian said and opened his directory. He took the file he found there, rolled it, baked it.

It was Tina, the short life of Tina, the claustrophobia and unimaginable distances of space, the tight and deep friendships in the tiny shipboard community, the loneliness in the crowds of Earth. Her spying him on the streets of this strange and overwhelming city, her relief when he didn’t rebuff her. And him — him, through her eyes, smart and savvy and frightening. Frightening? Yes, his anger and his rejection, his unfathomable values and ideas. It was short, her backup, a mere 17 years’ worth of consciousness, and it took him a bare moment to bake it.

Tina was looking down at her feet.

“Hey,” Adrian said. “Tina?”

Tina looked up. She was scared, those eyes wide and guileless.

“Yes?” she said.

“Switch on guest access, OK?” Adrian said. Then he pushed her a copy of his last backup.

- – - – - – - – - – - -

He spent as long as he could bumming around downtown before catching a subway home. His mother hadn’t called him since he’d locked her out of his personal storage and sent her a copy of his backup and the flash-baking app, and the thought of seeing her face-to-face made his stomach knot.

Leadenly, he took the stairs down to the subterranean level where his family slept, and hit the door code. It slid open, revealing his father, alone, staring up at the ceiling.

“Dad?” Adrian said. His cochlea rang. He answered.

“Hi, Adrian,” his father said, in his ear. He sounded tired.

“Where’s Mom?” Adrian asked, with a growing sense of foreboding.

“Oh, she went out,” Adrian’s father said, vaguely.

“Is she angry?”

Adrian expected a chuckle, but none came. “No,” his father said, flatly. “Not angry.”

“Are you angry?”

His father shifted his bulk and drew Adrian into a long hug. “No, son, I’m not angry either,” he whispered aloud in Adrian’s ear.

It took Adrian a moment to register that his father had spoken aloud, and when he did, it hardly eased his nervousness.

“What’s going on, Dad?” he asked, finally.

His father sat up, ducking his head for the low ceiling. “I owe you an apology,” he said.

“For what?”

His father switched back to subvocal. “All this business with the University. You deserve to choose what you want to do. We had a long talk about it this afternoon, and we decided that it’s not our place to tell you what to study. I’ll take you to see Bosco in the morning, and we can show him the essay you worked up with your friend in India.”

Adrian didn’t know what to make of that, except that he felt vaguely guilty. “Why? What changed your mind?”

His father flopped onto his back and stared at the ceiling. “I read the paper,” he said. “It’s good. Interesting thesis, good execution. Thought-provoking. It’s a good paper. You could really start something with it.”

“Yeah?” Adrian said, blushing. His HUD flashed an alert. His father was pushing a file into his storage. Adrian examined it: a backup, his father’s backup. Adrian understood, now. He knew that if he looked in his father’s storage that he’d see a copy of his own backup there.

“Yes. You and your friends, you could have a real destiny. Post-people, the last generation on Earth — that’s smart stuff.”

Adrian startled. Post-person. He thought of Nestor, saurian, purposeless, cold and hard. Of Tina, looking for a job, a thing to do every day.

A thought occurred to him. “What are you going to do when I start school, Dad?”

“Oh, I don’t know. Maybe deadhead for a while, see what things are like in another century. I know that’s what your mother wants to do.”

They’d talked about deadheading before, but Adrian had never really believed they’d do it. Gone for a century — frozen in cold sleep like millions of others, waiting to see what the future held.

“I’ll miss you,” he said.

“Oh, you’ll get used to it,” Adrian’s father said. “I can’t tell you how many people I know who’re deadheading now. Almost everyone I ever knew, really. We’ll see each other again before you know it.”

When he woke in the morning, his mother was back, asleep between him and his father. Automatically, he checked his in box. His mother had sent a copy of her backup, too. He got up quietly, careful not to disturb her, and snuck away.

- – - – - – - – - – - -

Tina answered on the second ring, sounding groggy.

“‘lo?”

“Tina?”

“Hi,” she mumbled.

“Listen, do you want a job?” he said.

“Huh?” She was waking up now.

“A job — do you still want a job?”

“Sure,” she said.

“You’re hired,” he said.

“For what?”

Adrian rolled up and flashed Nestor’s backup, feeling the hopeless, helpless weight of eternity. He flashed his mother’s backup, his father’s. He grinned. “Here, let me dump you the job requirements,” he said, and dumped the files on her.

“Start with these. Send them around, everyone you know. Don’t ask for anything in return, but if they send you anything back, pass it around too.” He swallowed, prepared a set to send to Mohan. “We’re gonna be post-people, but we’re gonna do it right,” he said.

Cory Doctorow (craphound.com) is the author of "Someone Comes to Town, Someone Leaves Town" and other novels, including "Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom." His latest short story collection is "Overclocked: Stories of the Future Present." He is the co-editor of Boing Boing (boingboing.net).

“Frankenstein” remixed

This masterful new adaptation of Mary Shelley's classic novel may be the best interactive fiction yet

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This originally appeared on The Chimerist, a site devoted to the intersection of art, stories, and technology.

Whatever interactive fiction is (and we’re still figuring that out) it suffers from all the problems of traditional fiction and then some. The vast majority of novels and short stories aren’t much good, but when a branching fiction — along the lines of the old “Choose Your Own Adventure” children’s books — fails to engage, the first impulse is to blame the form rather than the content. Let “Frankenstein,” just released by Inkle Studios and Profile Books, serve as a reproach to that reflex. The app is a creative, subtle and sensitive adaptation of Mary Shelley’s classic novella, and it has singlehandedly renewed this critic’s hopes for interactive fiction.

What this “Frankenstein” isn’t is a replication of the source text with the addition of a lot of digital doohickeys like sound effects and illustrations that animate when tapped. The app is all about the text, even if it is beautifully framed by period art and anatomical illustrations. The reader is presented with a screenful of narration and then offered one or more responses to it. The preferred response, when tapped, delivers up another screen of text. (In an absurdly pleasing visual touch, these appear as sheets of paper fasted together by straight pins.) According to the press materials, the reader’s responses will shape the way the narrative is presented, although not to the degree of substantively changing the plot.

This is an important point. The pleasure of storytelling lies in the dynamic between the surprising and the inevitable. The reader wants to feel the story is going somewhere, that its events follow from each other in meaningful, but not too obvious ways. When a story can go anywhere, it feels meaningless. In Mary Shelley’s novella, which is saturated with the Western tradition of the tragedy, Viktor Frankenstein’s character is such that he must create a monster, and the monster’s body is such that he can never belong among human beings however much he yearns to. A “Frankenstein” that ended with either misfit finding a comfortable place in the world would be a travesty.

But that doesn’t mean the reader doesn’t long for the story to unfold otherwise; that’s the nature of tragedy. The great insight that writer Dave Morris brings to this adaptation of the novel is that while a reader cannot significantly change the outcome of the story, the interactive element can change the shading and flavor of the tale. It can be mournful and reflective or action-packed. The creature and his creator can show greater or lesser ambivalence about their own behaviors. The ambiguity of both figures is baked into Mary Shelley’s novella, and while Morris has nearly doubled the word count of the original, this mostly amounts to playing up or down what’s already there.

Morris — a novelist who has written graphic novels, games and, yes, Choose-Your-Own-Adventure stories for kids — has changed the original text in other ways, as well. (Let’s take a moment here to point out to all future narrative app developers that hiring a real writer who actually knows what he or she is doing is totally worth it.) He’s moved the setting to revolutionary France, a choice that shows shrewd understanding of the idealistic political climate that affected Shelley’s thinking; the new Republic is its own kind of Frankenstein’s monster. He’s also eliminated much of the 19th-century framing of the tale and converted it into two present-tense narrations. One is Frankenstein’s dialogue with either himself or a (possibly imaginary) companion. The other is a second-person account of the monster’s first weeks of life as it spies on a family of dispossessed French nobility and has the chance to observe the loving relationships it can never enjoy itself.

Morris presents the reader with choices I’ve not encountered in other interactive fictions. Is humanity mostly good, or mostly evil? Does the most recent development make you (the monster) feel hope or despair? Is the revolution the dawn of a brave new world or a descent into chaos and barbarity? While I’m usually skeptical that present-tense narration increases the “immediacy” of a story, in this case, it really does work, particularly in the sections concerning the monster. Depending on your own outlook, you may urge him to keep trying to connect with humanity, or promptly forward him on to homicidal rage.

In either case, the narrative is shaped not by the reader deciding to turn left or right, to go down into the cellar or to get out of the house — the usual actions offered on the choose-your-own menu. Instead, the options have more to do with personality and interpretation, beliefs and ideas. As a result of the reader’s choices, the characters seem more like him- or herself, with a concurrent ratcheting up of emotional investment. To my surprise, I found myself more moved by this adaptation of the Shelley novel than I have been by the source text. (Although the app does include the original if you want to compare and contrast.) This is the only interactive fiction I’ve ever read with that quintessential, old-fashioned readerly avidity: the hunger to know what happens next. Of course, I already knew, but that didn’t matter at all.

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Laura Miller

Laura Miller is a senior writer for Salon. She is the author of "The Magician's Book: A Skeptic's Adventures in Narnia" and has a Web site, magiciansbook.com.

“The Cove”: A mysterious skull

A new novel begins with a shocking discovery that takes us back to love and life in the South during World War I

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This article appears courtesy of The Barnes & Noble Review.

Ron Rash’s atmospheric, strangely uncomplicated novel, “The Cove,” begins with a scene of melancholy and abandonment, the promise of obliteration, and a shocking discovery. It is 1953 and a man called Parton, a scout for the Tennessee Valley Authority, is investigating a remote parcel of land in North Carolina’s Appalachia for inhabitants who will have to be evicted in advance of the valley’s inundation. In a small notch — from which the book takes its title — over which looms a light-exterminating, anvil-shaped cliff, he finds a deserted farm. Pasture fenced by sagging barbed wire, a collapsed barn, a cabin and two wells are the desolate relicts of past life and labor. The general doominess of the setting is further enhanced by an ash tree decked in charms against evil forces, dead American chestnut trees (victims of the plague that wiped them out across the land), and the memory of the now extinct Carolina parakeet. Parton, thirsty, manages to winch up a bucket of water from one of the wells — and with it a human skull.

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I give little away in revealing this, as it occurs on page 4; it takes another 243 pages and a step back to the late summer and autumn of 1918 to discover the skull’s owner. It is then, during the last months of World War I, that the story takes place. At its heart is Laurel, a young woman afflicted with a large birthmark. She is shunned by the residents of the nearest town, Mars Hill, who believe that the cove is cursed and that she herself is a witch. Both her parents are dead, and with occasional help from a neighbor, she survived the previous summer alone on the farm while her brother, Hank, was away fighting in France. He has returned, absent a hand but resolutely capable and preparing for marriage.

In passage after passage, Rash describes life and work on the farm in its dailiness — the preparation of meals, tending to chores, mending clothes, setting fence poles, pulling wire — creating a sense of order and industry that would seem to promise future happiness and prosperity. But as the initial scene of desolation and death promises the reverse, an air of menace and foreboding pervades the story. And, indeed, like the waters that will inundate the farm decades later, powerful, destructive forces are gathering outside the cove.

On one of her forays to do her laundry in a stream away from the farm, Laurel hears and secretly observes a young man resting in a makeshift camp, playing a flute; days later she finds him near death, stung by a swarm of wasps. She brings him home; he recovers and produces a piece of paper saying that his name is Walter and that he cannot speak or read or write. As we — unlike Laurel or Hank — have already learned that a man has escaped from what turns out to be an internment camp for Germans, we get the picture. Walter won’t speak, but he will help with the farm, and this he does handily, capturing Hank’s admiration and gratitude — and Laurel’s heart.

All the while, anti-German hysteria is escalating in Mars Hill, a volatile temper encouraged by one Sgt. Chauncey Feith, a preposterous character ripped from a handbook of one-dimensional villains. Vainglorious, opportunistic and cowardly, he is a jingo, a sneak and a bully. The son of a politically connected banker, he has been deployed as the town’s recruitment officer, thus avoiding the perils of the battlefield. He has gone about this zealously, congratulating himself at every turn for sending young men off to the war and priding himself on being an “unsung hero, because you couldn’t go around telling people that any man can hold a rifle and stand in a trench but only a select few could do what a general or commodore or recruiter did.” That’s Chauncey Feith for you — believe it or not.

If Walter were to show up at Mars Hill and be recognized, there is no question that he would be strung up as a Hun. Meanwhile life and love go on at the farm. Walter helps Hank in sinking a second well, and the description of digging and lining it deep, deep in the earth is wonderfully potent. Indeed, Rash’s material detail, depiction of work and evocation of place — of nature, woods and stream, the play of light and the oppressive dark of the monstrous cliff — are truly splendid. Still, between the threat of a lynching and scenes from the cove, a vacuum yawns, and into it flows one simple question stripped of complexity: Whose skull? Or, put another way, happy ending or sad? The answer, when it comes, seems perfectly arbitrary.

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“Kingdom Come”: Terror in the London suburbs

A new novel traces an advertising executive's search for his father's murderer in a menacingly bland town

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This article appears courtesy of The Barnes & Noble Review.

J.G. Ballard was born in 1930 in Shanghai, China, and returned to England in 1946, having been interned with his family in a Japanese prison camp, an experience that inspired his most popular novel, “Empire of the Sun.” Ballard’s astonishing fiction ranges across continents and galaxies, but a quiet London suburb was his home until his death in 2009, and it is to the suburbs that he returned in his last novel, “Kingdom Come.” In its opening pages, the narrator, a London advertising executive named Richard Pearson, travels to one of the “perimeter towns dozing against the protective shoulder of the M25″ to find out who murdered his father.  It sounds like the setup for a cosy English mystery.  But this is Ballard.  It will not be cosy.

Barnes & Noble Review“The suburbs dream of violence,” Ballard declares as we enter the blandly menacing town of Brooklands. Among this “placid sea of brickly gables” Richard searches his father’s flat for clues to the life — and violent death — of a parent he barely knew, a pilot who had “flown millions of miles … and then died in a bizarre shooting incident in a suburban shopping mall.” Three others died, and the suspected gunman, a mentally unstable local, is arrested but then released. The police, the family lawyer, the doctor who treated Richard’s father — all appear to be hiding something, while many respectable Brooklands residents seem to have formed a fascist militia.

When Richard first witnesses a racist attack, he concludes that “a new kind of hate had emerged”; its hub is the Metro-Centre, the mega-mall in which his father was killed. During one visit, Richard sits beside the mall’s manmade beach, where Julia Goodwin, his father’s doctor, has arranged to meet him. “The wave machine had been turned to its lowest setting,” he notices, “and a vaguely gastric swell, like a suppressed vomit reflex, flowed across the colorized water.” This languid, sickly image could only be Ballard’s. No other writer so effectively alienates his readers — and his protagonists — from an everyday reality that he reveals to be shifting, often nightmarish terrain.

At the same time, he soothes us. In “Kingdom Come,” as in Ballard’s short stories and in novels like “Crash,” the rhythmical balance of the sentences has a tranquilizing effect, like the shushing roar of the ceaseless traffic on the motorway outside Brooklands. Richard, too, seems oddly numbed as he probes his father’s involvement with local thugs, falls in love with Julia Goodwin, and is increasingly drawn to the Metro-Centre and to the figure of David Cruise, the mall’s TV celebrity.

The novel’s pace quickens as violence spreads and the Metro-Centre comes under attack. “Fights broke out, fists flailing through the workmanlike rise and fall of police truncheons” as screams are drowned out “by the blades of army helicopters cuffing the night air.” Soon the mall becomes a fortress, hostages are taken, and the wave machine churns up a corpse. Emerging from the wreckage, Richard predicts that “In time … an even fiercer republic would open the doors and spin the turnstiles of its beckoning paradise.” In his final, elegiac vision of suburban apocalypse, Ballard once again allows us to imagine the unthinkable.

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Gay literature’s new wrinkle

Nobel-winner Herta Müller has written a dazzling new gay novel. Does it matter that she's heterosexual?

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Gay literature's new wrinkle (Credit: iStockphoto/RapidEye)

This week sees the publication of “The Hunger Angel,” by the Romanian-born German author Herta Müller. It’s her first novel to appear in English since she won the Nobel Prize three years ago, and the book, set in a Soviet labor camp in the years after World War II, arrives in America trailing behind it a passel of rave reviews in the European press: a masterpiece, they say, to be put next to Solzhenitsyn or Primo Levi.

But, more quietly, “The Hunger Angel” is something else – a major addition to the tradition of gay literature, and a rare evocation of gay life in the war years and after. Leo, the narrator, is just a teenager when he’s deported from Romania to the Ukraine, but he has already had his first “strange, filthy, shameless and beautiful” assignations in the town park and the local bathhouse. At first he sees his deportation as a welcome escape from his Nazi-supporting father, and a mercy for the mother he truly loves, for in his own eyes he is a double disgrace: not just gay, but an ethnic German who sleeps with Romanians. In the camp, hunger becomes all-consuming, and he longs for home, but he also watches fellow skin-and-bones detainees sneak off to an industrial wreck for sex and knows, “If I’d been caught in the camp I’d be dead.” “The Hunger Angel” lets a gay man embody universal themes of suffering and endurance but also captures the unique contradictions of gay desire – a substantial accomplishment, and one that’s even more impressive because Herta Müller is a straight woman.

Müller is part of a small but growing number of heterosexual writers publishing novels that not only include gay characters as central parts of their narrative, but are largely about gayness itself. It’s a trend that suggests that homosexuality may no longer be the taboo it once was, for writers — and for readers.

These days, in American and British fiction, at least, it’s no longer uncommon for straight writers to feature gay characters in a novel. Think of Claire Messud, whose “The Emperor’s Children” examines a young gay writer’s friendship with his two best friends, both straight women. Or read Jennifer Egan’s “A Visit From the Goon Squad,” which features a young gay kid experimenting first with drugs, then with sex. More recently, Chad Harbach in “The Art of Fielding” didn’t just feature a gay and decidedly not butch baseball player, but a 60-something, theretofore straight college president who falls in love with him. (These examples all feature gay men, obviously: Straight writers’ interest in lesbians is usually less edifying, as any gay person who endured Philip Roth’s “The Humbling” will remind you.)

Yet while straight writers now include gay characters as a matter of course, putting gay people at the center of a book remains all too rare. Gay characters can help straight writers write a book of larger scope, but a novel that concentrates on gay characters is automatically “gay fiction” – and that, sadly, still puts readers off. Gay novelists know all too well that without the right promotion, their books can end up relegated to the “LGBT interest” section of the bookshop, somewhere between the Spartacus travel guide and “Homosex: 60 Years of Gay Erotica.” (If, that is, the bookshop even stocks gay books; if, moreover, the bookshop hasn’t gone out of business.)

For straight writers, taking on gay subjects isn’t just an imaginative risk, it’s a commercial one. And therefore the list of examples is brief, but even so, they suggest that reader opposition to gay-themed books is on the wane. Although fantasy and science-fiction writers may have taken earlier steps, it wasn’t until the 1990s, with Pat Barker’s Regeneration trilogy, that a straight writer saw major success with gay literary fiction on both commercial and critical terms. The Regeneration trilogy,  with its cast of both real and fictional characters during World War I, had a built-in audience among British readers who grew up reading poets like Siegfried Sassoon or Wilfred Owen. Yet on the first pages of “The Eye in the Door,” the middle book, they were plunged into a rough (and fantastically hot) sex scene between two officers of different class backgrounds, complete with war wounds from Passchendaele and bedside Vaseline. “The Eye in the Door” goes on to detail the horrible persecution of gays in the British civil service, sometimes even by closeted gay men themselves, while in “The Ghost Road,” the last novel of the series and the one for which Barker won the Booker Prize, Sassoon, Owen and fictitious soldiers spend page after page thinking about their desire for men, and about the gaps between the military’s sometimes surprising tolerance and the cruelties of civilian life.

You see similar contrasts of confidence and doubt, narcissism and self-loathing, in Annie Proulx’s short stories, most famously “Brokeback Mountain.” The subsequent film was anxiously promoted as a “universal” love story, but Proulx insists that her two ranchers aren’t any old star-crossed lovers, and that gay desire has a special character. Ennis and Jack aren’t just incapable of having their love accepted by society; much more fundamentally, they hate themselves for loving who they love. Proulx told the Paris Review that she now gets fan mail from readers who have rewritten “Brokeback Mountain” with a happy ending, like the stale 18th-century tradition of letting a victorious Hamlet marry a not-drowned Ophelia. “They can’t understand that the story isn’t about Jack and Ennis,” Proulx lamented. “It’s about homophobia; it’s about a social situation.”

Homophobia is naturally a major theme in straight-written gay fiction, but it’s not all about tears and the law. In “Call Me By Your Name,” from 2007, the straight writer André Aciman looked at the enduring power of first love through a teenager’s overwhelming desire for another man, complete with lashings of sex in the forest, at the sea, and in the streets of Rome. (You will never eat a peach again without thinking about what those two guys do to a piece of fruit.) Straight novelists are even beginning to write about gay history, and in particular HIV/AIDS. Tristan Garcia’s “Hate: A Romance,” co-translated by the Paris Review editor Lorin Stein, examined not only the devastation of the first years of the disease, but the virulent debates between proponents of safe sex and more radical gay activists who see barebacking as a political act. That is the sort of thing even many gay writers are not yet ready to discuss.

It can only be a good thing that the terms of gay fiction are expanding to include not only more readers but more writers. Yet gays have been writing about straight people for hundreds of years, and while straight writers who write gay fiction are celebrated for taking a risk and for imagining something beyond their own experience, gay and lesbian writers who do the opposite, such as Colm Tóibín in “Brooklyn” or Sarah Waters in “The Little Stranger,” don’t really get the same credit. Perhaps this is because straight love and desire is omnipresent; perhaps, more homophobically, it’s because we still think gay writers “naturally” have such powers of imagination. Either way, while the situation has improved, gay fiction still suffers from ghettoization, and while straight writers may be mindful of the risks they take in depicting a minority to which they don’t belong, gays who turn to straight subjects can find the new, larger audience for their books bewildering. Michael Cunningham observed as much back in 2000, when he was asked about the success of “The Hours.” “I can’t help but notice,” said Cunningham, “that when I finally write a book in which there are no men sucking each other’s dicks, I suddenly win the Pulitzer Prize.”

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Jason Farago is a regular contributor to the Guardian and writes criticism for the London Review of Books, n+1, Frieze and other publications. He is also editor of Art in Common, a blog on art and urban life.

Pulitzers snub fiction

No novel won the coveted prize this year, but does that mean nothing good was published?

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Pulitzers snub fictionDetails from the covers of "Train Dreams," "Swamplandia!" and "The Pale King"

The news that no Pulitzer Prize for fiction would be awarded this year came like a slap across the face to a book world still reeling from a Department of Justice suit filed against publishers trying to forestall an Amazon e-book monopoly. Double ouch! But does the Pulitzer snub mean that no good fiction was published in America last year?

I would (and have) argued otherwise, most strenuously; 2011 was an exceptional year for fiction, American and otherwise. I also suspect that the Pulitzer Board itself has not turned up its collective nose at every book produced by American novelists and short story writers in 2011. The Pulitzer Prize may wield far more clout with book buyers than any other American prize for fiction. It can turn an obscure title into a success and a modestly successful title into a bestseller. Readers take it seriously and snap up the books it honors by the thousands. But that doesn’t mean that the Pulitzer Prize for fiction doesn’t suffer from the same problems that afflict every literary prize, no matter its size or influence.

I have some insight into those problems because I served on the Pulitzer fiction jury two years ago. I can’t talk about my jury’s deliberations, however — that was part of the deal. I can tell you that choosing the winner of the Pulitzer Prize for fiction is a two-tier process, a fact that even people well-versed in the literary world tend to forget.

The first tier is the jury’s selection. Three jurors (usually an academic, a critic and a fiction writer) are responsible for wading through huge boxfuls of books. Anyone can submit his or her book to the Pulitzer competition for a small fee, and believe me: anyone does. We got hundreds and hundreds of them, including many self-published novels with titles like “The Bikinis of Alpha Centauri,” most of which read as if they’d been run through Google Translate into Farsi and then run back again into English before being committed to print.

From the many submissions, the jury picks three titles to recommend to the Pulitzer Board, and the board picks the actual winner, as well as selecting the winners of all the other Pulitzer Prizes. The board does have the option to select a title not on the jury’s list, but it rarely does so nowadays.

The heyday for picking no book at all was the 1970s, a time of considerable cultural upheaval and conflict. In 1971, the board rejected titles from Eudora Welty, Saul Bellow and Joyce Carol Oates. In 1974, a stellar jury consisting of Benjamin DeMott, Elizabeth Hardwick and Alfred Kazin (three titans of literary criticism) unanimously recommended that the prize go to Thomas Pynchon’s “Gravity’s Rainbow.” The Pulitzer Board dug in its heels and said no. In 1977, the last time the prize was not awarded, the jury favored ”A River Runs Through It” by Norman Maclean and the board shut them down.

Why? According to the critic and experimental novelist William Gass, who wrote a notorious diatribe on the subject, the Pulitzer Board’s taste is hopelessly mainstream, middlebrow and unadventurous. (In 1941, most of the board did pick Ernest Hemingway’s “For Whom the Bell Tolls,” but one member — who happened to be the president of Columbia University — put the kibosh on that because he considered the book immoral.) However, Gass’ complaint seems an absurd cavil to level against an institution whose power and influence resides precisely in the fact that it speaks to a broad audience.

The Pulitzer Board consists of working journalists and journalism professors, most with a deep respect for literature but relatively little familiarity with the literary world. This can be a strength and a weakness. The Pulitzer’s excellent record at singling out literary works that also appeal to a lot of readers is one reason why it has so much more influence than “insider” prizes like the National Book Award.

However, because the Pulitzer Board is fairly representative of educated Americans, it surely includes a lot of people who don’t really have time to read fiction — or, at least, literary fiction — anymore. Past boards might have been able to settle on a title that most of them had read even if it wasn’t offered as a finalist by the jury; reading at least a few of the “big” novels published during the year was something a lot more people did before the Internet and cable TV came along. In 21st-century America, the novel has become a marginalized and Balkanized art form, and even when avid fiction fans compare notes, they often find they’ve read nothing in common.

Chances are good that the three novels recommended by this year’s Pulitzer jury — “Swamplandia!” by Karen Russell, “Train Dreams” by Denis Johnson, and “The Pale King” by David Foster Wallace — are the only three serious new novels many of the board members read last year, apart, perhaps, from one or two others. These people are, after all, pretty busy doing things like editing the Denver Post and running the Columbia Graduate School of Journalism, jobs that are a lot more time-consuming than they used to be, as well as selecting the winners in the other Pulitzer categories.

By all accounts, the group could not reach a majority on any of the three titles recommended by the jury. It’s certainly unlikely that enough of them read fiction widely enough to agree on an alternate choice. In that, they truly are representative of American readers, and that bodes worse for our national literature than a year without a Pulitzer winner.

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Laura Miller

Laura Miller is a senior writer for Salon. She is the author of "The Magician's Book: A Skeptic's Adventures in Narnia" and has a Web site, magiciansbook.com.

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