Shakespeare

The genius next door

In Stephen Greenblatt's marvelous new study, William Shakespeare emerges as a drab and conventional burgher who somehow became the greatest writer the world has ever known.

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The genius next door

In the 1998 movie “Shakespeare in Love,” the most recent pop culture incarnation of the bard is a doe-eyed swain with writer’s block who drapes himself fetchingly over a series of rough-hewn benches, bemoaning his lack of a muse, until his art and his career are saved by the love of Gwyneth Paltrow. The film’s historical details, from the closure of London theaters during plague outbreaks to the layout of the Rose itself (not the Globe; that was later), are solid. However, the main premise is not only sappy but preposterous. A few years later, in a much lower-profile documentary called “Much Ado About Something,” conspiracy theorists explained why they believe that William Shakespeare was merely a front man for fellow playwright Christopher Marlowe, who supposedly only pretended to die in 1593, the same year “Shakespeare in Love” is set. Not so sappy, but still preposterous.

There’s plenty room for such speculation, though, because we know so little about Shakespeare. No letters or diaries have ever been found; in fact, there’s only one sample of his handwriting. What we have is a bunch of official documents (christening records, bills of sale, etc.), a few coy references in contemporary texts and a bunch of dubious gossip that mostly dates to the years after his death. On this handful of old bones scholars have gnawed for over 400 years, and it’s hard to believe that any more flavor can be got from them.

Nevertheless, believe it. Stephen Greenblatt’s “Will in the World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare” is such a graceful effort to spin a life out of a few scraps of paper that only a churl would be unpersuaded by it. Greenblatt, a professor of the humanities at Harvard, takes the bits we do know, nourishes them with a thorough understanding of the Elizabethan world Shakespeare inhabited and then coaxes each bud of information to flower within our understanding of the plays. A pageant performed for the Queen in Leicester in 1575, the squalid death of a fellow poet, the discovery and routing of the 1605 plot to blow up the Parliament House — each of these undergoes what Shakespeare called (in a lovely phrase, sadly spoiled these days by journalistic overuse) “a sea change, into something rich and strange.”

It’s not the precise accuracy of any particular theory — for example the suggestion that Shylock was inspired by the Queen’s Portuguese-Jewish physician — that Greenblatt makes so persuasive. Rather, he convinces you that he has sunk so deeply into Shakespeare’s time, mind and imagination that his guesses must be better than anyone else’s. As a founder of New Historicism, a once controversial, now widely accepted school of literary criticism holding that writers works are profoundly shaped by the physical, cultural and political worlds they live in, Greenblatt has plenty of experience in this department.

Slavering bardolatry is always a peril in such projects, and no doubt Greenblatt hung a photo of Harold Bloom over his desk while he worked: Exhibit A of Where Not to Go. By contrast, his own account of Shakespeare the man remains as grounded as the playwright’s vision, described by Greenblatt as “bound to the familiar and the intimate,” so that it “never soared altogether above the quotidian, never entered the august halls of the metaphysical and shut the door on the everyday.” Stars wiped from his eyes, Greenblatt gives us a Shakespeare who can’t fail to stir — he’s still Shakespeare, after all — but also a writer who presents some unsettling questions about the nature of creative genius.

“Shakespeare in Love,” on the other hand, offers an easy, pleasing dream about great artists. It tells us they are just like the rest of us, only more so. Because Shakespeare’s words have the power to flood us with overwhelming sensations — both the recollection of our own strongest feelings and those transports we only experience in the presence of made beauty — people, perhaps naturally, want him to have been a grand and passionate man. According to the film, the only force capable of propelling Shakespeare — or anyone, for that matter — into the ranks of the immortals is romantic love, that Holy Grail of popular culture, and “Romeo and Juliet,” the play that results from his dalliance with Paltrow’s stagestruck noblewoman, becomes his entrée to greatness.

Although Greenblatt writes with tactful kindness about “Shakespeare in Love” (he got the idea for “Will in the World” during conversations with the movie’s screenwriter, Marc Norman), he surely can’t think much of this premise. Firstly, it pretends that romantic love was Shakespeare’s prime subject, which is patently untrue, however closely it hews to the image of poetry held by people who never read it. Second, it makes Shakespeare himself out to be a romantic, and Greenblatt devotes two chapters of “Will in the World” to arguing just the opposite.

Shakespeare wrote about love because he wrote about all of life, and some of his works — the sonnets, “Romeo and Juliet,” “Antony and Cleopatra” — put romantic love at their center. But even in these, the world seeps in, and the world in its fascinating particulars is the enemy of the all-consuming love that swallows Romeo and Juliet. Even the sonnets, supposedly devoted to praise of the beloved, get distracted by their own eloquence and slip into boasting about the triumph of art. “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” begins Sonnet 18 (written, according to “Shakespeare in Love,” to Paltrow’s crossdressing heroine, although in real life to a young man), but it ends by proclaiming that while fleshly beauty fades, “So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”

“Shakespeare in Love” briskly dismisses the inconvenient fact that its hero has a wife and three children back in his hometown of Stratford by writing off the marriage as sexless. Greenblatt also subscribes to the opinion that Shakespeare’s marriage to Anne Hathaway was unsatisfying. Perhaps the two were mismatched, but Greenblatt, after contemplating the traces in Shakespeare’s work of other affairs, suspects that “no single person could ever have satisfied Shakespeare’s longings or made him happy.” The playwright’s imagination, after all, was anything but “single;” it had the “signature characteristic” of an “astonishing capacity to be everywhere and nowhere, to assume all positions and slip free of all constraints.”

In an earlier chapter Greenblatt writes of how in Shakespeare’s work his “fascination with the lives of aristocrats and monarchs” serenely coexisted with his affection for the country life of his childhood. He did not feel compelled to choose, and Greenblatt proposes that “he simply loved the world too much to give any of it up.” Romeo and Juliet die to preserve their love, and as Greenblatt points out, the two most developed portraits of marital intimacy in the plays are problematic to say the least: Gertrude and Claudius in “Hamlet” and Lord and Lady Macbeth, marriages that are homicidal in one way or another. If romantic love must murder the world in order to replace it with the couple, Shakespeare wasn’t interested.

The Marlowe partisans have greater pretensions to seriousness than Hollywood, but they share its desire to fabricate a flashier vessel for Shakespeare’s gifts. Although both men came from modest families (Shakespeare’s father was a glove-maker and Marlowe’s a cobbler), Marlowe had more formal education. He belonged to a group of writers called the “university wits,” who had in common “impressive learning, literary ambition, duplicity, violence, and rootlessness.” One of them, Thomas Nashe, the Dale Peck of his day, made his reputation by penning “a harsh review of recent literary efforts — the cruel judgements of a brash young man,” but the university wits wielded more than metaphorical hatchets. Like his friends, Marlowe, who died after being stabbed in the eye during a tavern brawl that many suspect was a hired killing, freely dabbled in crime, espionage and declarations of atheism, a particularly dangerous practice at the time.

Marlowe was also a writer of immense talent, and ever so much more dashing than the prudent, frugal Shakespeare. Admittedly, the painted portrait of Marlowe included with the illustrations of “Will in the World” cannot be authenticated. But the bold, amused and supremely confident Elizabethan it depicts personifies everything the Marlovians find appealing in their man when compared to the more tentative, even anxious face we see in portraits of Shakespeare. Who wouldn’t consider the glamorous, shadowy, reckless Marlowe as better casting for the creator of Iago, Lady Macbeth and Mercutio?

Anyone who’s actually read the two men’s plays is who. Greenblatt doesn’t deign to mention Marlovian conspiracy theory (or any other such claims involving aristocrats and intellectuals of the time) in “Will in the World,” but he does compare Marlowe’s work with Shakespeare’s, brilliantly and at length, to demonstrate the fundamentally different sensibilities behind each.

Marlowe was a kind of proto-Nietzschean fascinated by characters who overreached, regardless of the consequences. His “Tamburlaine” is, as Greenblatt puts it, an “incantatory celebration of the will to power.” He might have invented Iago, but the likes of Falstaff and Hamlet are surely beyond him. By way of example, Greenblatt details how both men wrote plays with Jewish villains, stock characters in a country that was virtually devoid of real Jews. But, as Greenblatt points out, Marlowe’s Jew was thoroughly and gleefully wicked, while Shakespeare’s is shot through with veins of dignity and pathos, a display of the “strange, irrepressible imaginative generosity” that distinguishes the Stratford-born playwright from his rival.

But if the real Shakespeare wasn’t the dreamy, love-struck poet of “Shakespeare in Love” and wasn’t imbued with the (equally romantic if more sophisticated) bravura of Marlowe, then who was he? According to Greenblatt, Shakespeare was “a prosperous, self-made man,” who dabbled in but ultimately rejected the “chaotic, disorderly life” of London’s literary scene. Having been raised among clandestine Catholics, people who risked everything for their outlawed faith, he distrusted true believers and outright rebels, and developed what Greenblatt delicately terms “a complex attitude toward authority, at once sly, genially submissive, and subtly challenging.” He may not have loved his wife, but he certainly never loved anyone else enough to abandon her. Due to his “lifelong interest in property investments” (most of the records of Shakespeare’s life are real estate documents) he retired at the top of his game to a quiet, comfortable life as a country burgher.

As Greenblatt writes, a look at Shakespeare’s life makes the playwright seem a “drabber, duller person” than one might hope. Worse, there’s more than a hint of parsimony. In one of the book’s most fascinating chapters, Greenblatt finds a possible model for the portly rascal Falstaff in the writer Robert Greene. Greene is now most famous for a deathbed rant in which he denounced an “upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers,” obviously Shakespeare, who has infiltrated the circle of the university wits and passed himself off as their successor. Greenblatt speculates that Shakespeare earned Greene’s wrath when he “turned down some [probably monetary] request from the indigent, desperate scoundrel.” Instead, Shakespeare “conferred upon Greene an incalculable gift, the gift of transforming him into Falstaff,” a legendary character.

Audiences have always been somewhat chilled by the climactic banishment of Falstaff by Prince Hal — “I know thee not, old man” — at the end of “Henry IV, Part II.” As commoners, as audience members, we can afford to cherish Falstaff, but Hal has become king, in effect another person, and there is now no place in his life for his old drinking buddy. Hal’s rejection parallels Shakespeare’s, writes Greenblatt; it was “what he had to do in order to survive.” But if Hal repudiates Falstaff, the play immortalizes him. Shakespeare may have refused to give Greene money, but he “also performed a miraculous act of imaginative generosity, utterly unsentimental and, if the truth be told, not entirely human.” (Greene, like Falstaff, would surely have preferred, and squandered, the cash.)

If Shakespeare identified with Hal, whose destiny demands a certain cold-bloodedness, then perhaps he would have agreed with another author named Greene, Graham, who said that a chip of ice lies in the heart of every writer. To celebrate and identify with all of creation, to effortlessly submerge yourself in a clownish bumpkin like Bottom, a mad old man like Lear, a brave girl like Rosalind, or, as Greenblatt elegantly demonstrates with passages from Shakespeare’s early poem, “Venus and Adonis,” a hare, a horse and the goddess of love — this uncanny mercurial aptitude suggests an absence of the usual preferences and attachments that is, yes, generous, but again, not entirely human.

Yet why should an inhuman generosity be surprising in a man whose “work is so astonishing, so luminous, that it seems to have come from a god and not a mortal, let alone a mortal of provincial origins and modest education”? What Greenblatt’s “Will in the World” pushes us toward is the realization that enormous talent is always freakish, always defies explanation and may be the last shred the secular world retains of the divine. It is the fabulous cuckoo’s egg in the nest of ordinary life. There is simply no reason why a fairly conventional Elizabethan Englishman should have become the greatest imaginative artist the language and perhaps the world has ever known. We can find shards of Shakespeare’s life and society in his work, but we can’t find intimations of the work in his life or ever nail down how Shakespeare became Shakespeare if by “became Shakespeare” we mean “came to be able to write those plays.”

We’re like Lear, finally reunited with Cordelia and assuming that she does not love him. Unlike her sisters, he says, she has “some cause” to do him wrong. Cordelia answers, “No cause, no cause.” Her love for her father, which is her great talent and a decidedly more natural one than Shakespeare’s, is not the sort of thing that has a cause. It just is.

Laura Miller

Laura Miller is a senior writer for Salon. She is the author of "The Magician's Book: A Skeptic's Adventures in Narnia" and has a Web site, magiciansbook.com.

How Shakespeare got me through unemployment

I was depressed and broke, but I found inspiration in an unlikely way -- reading all of the bard's plays out loud

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How Shakespeare got me through unemployment (Credit: Salon)

Three years ago, at one of the lowest moments of my life, I started doing something I never thought I’d do.  I’m reading every single play William Shakespeare ever wrote.  And I’m reading most of them aloud. From the three dour Henry VIs, through all of your Macbeths and Romeos and Hamlets, all the way to nutty Cymbeline and beyond.

I’m not a Shakespeare scholar. Or an actor. I read them as part of a Nashville Shakespeare Festival program called “Shakespeare Allowed!” which invites a group of strangers to gather at a giant square table in the downtown library and read one speech or line at a time, round-robin-style, regardless of gender or acting ability. (Others silently read along in the periphery, except during crowd scenes, when everyone homina homina hominas.) Over the years, people have tried to read lady parts in high voices (embarrassing) or French parts in French voices (disastrous) or ghost parts in, I don’t know, ghosty voices, but it never pans out. Eventually people settle down into their normal reading voices, because it’s really about the text and the simple act of reading in front of other people. It sounds as tedious as a toothache — but it’s been thrilling.

It began when I was in the midst of a particularly gruesome period of under-employment and depression, having decided to go out on my own as a freelance designer at the exact moment that the economy collapsed. It was positively, well, Shakespearean. Finding free entertainment was quite a challenge, and so one day, while flipping through an actual newspaper, I noticed an article about the Shakespeare Allowed! project and decided to go see what it was all about. I showed up at the library the first Saturday of the month and was amazed to see 40 eager people jammed into a tiny conference room, books in hand, ready to read “The Comedy of Errors.” I knew within 10 minutes that I’d be busy the first Saturday of every month.

As far back as high school, Shakespeare seemed like something I could admire but never truly love or understand. Like everyone ever born, I had to memorize and recite (disastrously, in the end) Mark Antony’s “Friends, Romans, countrymen” speech in English class, but that was about the extent of my Shakesperience. But here I was, in a roomful of everyday people, reading in their everyday voices, and as the lines flew by and the pages turned, I saw — or, rather, heard — a whole world opening up to me. Shakespeare no longer seemed impenetrable. And I had a sneaky feeling there was nothing going on in my life that he didn’t have an angle on. If I showed up every month, I’d discover them all.

The first few times I hid in the corner and read along silently. It took a few months before a freakishly low turnout forced me to sit at the grown-up table and read aloud from “The Merry Wives of Windsor.” At first, it wasn’t exactly a natural feeling, and no matter how many times I peeked ahead to see which line I’d get, the words never quite tripped off my tongue. I mangled a lot of lines. But there was no denying the thrill I felt when I managed to get to the end of a longish speech and realized there was a grin a mile wide on my face. Suddenly I wanted all the long speeches, all the big moments. From that moment on, the library would have to be on fire for me to give up my reading chair.

My unemployment dragged on for a year, half bad economy, half lack of ambition. Twelve Shakespeare plays. The very idea of having another play to read kept me going from month to month. Sure, I might not have been able to pay my mortgage or eat anything other than spaghetti for weeks on end, but once a month I could lament the loss of my Juliet and then drink a vial of poison. Or, as Henry V, I could return to England, where ne’er from France arrived more happy men. In comparison to Romeo and Prince Hal, I didn’t really have that many problems. My depression began to lift, and I started sitting at my desk more often, calling and emailing people, looking for work. Miraculously, after a few tiny freelance jobs, a client offered me a job, the one I still have today.

But still I kept going to read Shakespeare aloud. And it became clear to me that there was a debt to pay. To the Shakespeare Festival, to the library, to Shakespeare himself, for getting me through an extremely dark time. I started telling everyone within earshot about the program so that more people would come. The first year, I volunteered to work at Shakespeare in the Park over a dozen steaming Tennessee August nights (I now know “Love’s Labours Lost” by heart) and worked the crowd with my donation bucket, talking my head off about reading Shakespeare aloud. People donated money and scurried away, pointing at the grinning crazy person. The second year, finally employed, I donated more money than I’ve ever donated to any organization in my life as thanks for providing me with so much pleasure. It was the most fun I’d ever had writing a check. I didn’t even try to write it off.

The project also made me a better reader. In the beginning, I’d read and read and have no clue what I was saying; we were three-fourths of the way through “The Merchant of Venice” before I realized Shylock wasn’t the Merchant of the title.  But as we worked through the canon, I found myself discovering that the whole point of the project — to simply read the plays aloud — got me halfway to understanding the text. It was amazing how that text seeped into me without my even knowing it. While reading “King Lear,” Lear’s final death speech (“Why should a dog, a horse, a rat, have life, And thou no breath at all? Thou’lt come no more, Never, never, never, never, never!”) fell to me, and I had no idea I was even understanding it until I got to those five “nevers. ” Shakespeare didn’t give me just one to say, he gave me five. Five. Five grieving nevers, spoken by a heartbroken, dying king. To my surprise, I was in such a state of tears I almost had to pass the rest of the speech to the person next to me. After that, I was known as “the guy who cried.” When, almost inevitably, Mark Antony’s ”Friends, Romans, countrymen …” speech came my way, I repeated half of it from memory, having kept it stored somewhere after my fumbled high school recitation. I had no idea I still remembered it, but there I was, riding the unforgettable bicycle of Shakespeare.

We read the last play — “The Two Noble Kinsmen” — last month. This weekend, we’ll meet at the library for catered hors d’oeuvres and we’ll talk about the plays that pleased and surprised us (“Merchant” and “Pericles,” which would get staged more often if people knew it was full of pirates and zombie princesses) and the ones we were puzzled by (“Timon of Athens,” “All’s Well That Ends Well”). We’ll probably be a little sad and a lot smug. Then we’ll all separate and go home and flip the calendar to January, and mark the first Saturday of the month, when Shakespeare Allowed! begins all over again with “Henry VI, Part 1.” Three more years of mistaken identities, jealous rages and brooding Danes. I’ll be there reading the plays again, with a funny little group of misfit toys who’ve all managed to find this one thing we all adore, for all different reasons. I love having a job now, but I’ll never take a job that keeps me from my perpetual Saturday noon dates. Shakespeare saved my life, and I owe him that much.

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Joss Whedon takes on Shakespeare

The "Buffy" genius announces a modern "Much Ado About Nothing" -- and fans go nuts

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Joss Whedon takes on Shakespeare (Credit: muchadothemovie.com)

Maybe it’s atonement for “The Avengers.” On Sunday night, actors Nathan Fillion and Sean Maher, along with costume designer Shawna Trpcic, cryptically tweeted a link to a Web page featuring a photo of Fillion toting a martini glass, somewhere in the middle of a lake. The image announced the completion of a new movie from Joss Whedon, the genius whose “Buffy the Vampire Slayer,” “Angel,” “Dr. Horrible’s Sing-Along Blog,” “Firefly” and, to a lesser extent, “Dollhouse” are the very definition of awesome to nerds everywhere. According to the clues, the film stars a veritable who’s who of Whedon alums. And it’s “based on a play.” A Shakespeare play. Oh God. Ohmigod. Then on Monday, Bellwether Pictures officially announced Whedon’s “Much Ado About Nothing.” That thud you heard was everybody in America with a liberal arts degree fainting dead in excitement.

It seemed so perfect, so beyond the dreams of every vampire-loving, space-cowboy wannabe and iambic-pentameter aficionado (and we are legion, people), that the whole thing struck many as an elaborate prank. Nathan Fillion as Dogberry? Really? It’s not even our birthday! But after much checking of calendars to make sure this is not the first day of April, fans are slowly switching from guarded skepticism to slavering anticipation. It’s real, all right. The filmmakers promise that the movie, a modern take on the original opposites attract rom-com, “should be completed by early spring and headed for the festival circuit” — because “it is fancy.”

The film is the first production from Bellwether, a “micro-studio” created by Whedon and Kai Cole for “small, independent narratives for all media.” Whedon told Entertainment Weekly Monday that after wrapping up the A-list, Marvel blockbuster-to-be “The Avengers,” he and his wife had planned a nice long vacation. “And she said, ‘Let’s not take the vacation. Make a movie instead.” For the guy who whipped up the Emmy-winning “Dr. Horrible” as a distraction during the writer’s strike, sure, why not?

Shot in just 12 days, “Much Ado” appears to be the greatest Whedon cast reunion ever. Amy Acker is the tart-tongued Beatrice, while Alexis Denisof plays her so-wrong-he’s-right sparring partner Benedick. It’s the Fred and Wesley payoff “Angel” fans have been waiting years for. “Dollhouse” vets Fran Kranz and Reed Diamond are the easily duped Claudio and the wise Don Pedro. “Firefly’s” Sean Maher is the scheming Don John, and even Tom Lenk (“Buffy’s” sweetest bad guy ever) is on board. Newcomer Jillian Morgese plays the beautiful, besmirched Hero.

The idea of Whedon — a guy very comfortable in the milieu of superheroes and butt-kicking — taking on the Bard might initially seem a little … unexpected. But Whedon has brilliantly articulated his regard for “strong women” throughout his career. And they don’t come much stronger than Beatrice, a woman who, unlike Shakespeare’s famous shrew Kate, never gets emotionally abused into submission. The big themes of Shakespeare – family, sex, betrayal, violence and clever wordplay – they are all over Whedon’s body of work. As he told the Hollywood Reporter, “The text is to me a deconstruction of the idea of love, which is ironic, since the entire production is a love letter — to the text, to the cast, even to the house it’s shot in.” Whedon filmed the entire production on his own grounds.

The glory of Shakespeare – and the glory of Whedon – is the depth of passion so beautifully evident in their work, a devotion that’s both touching and deeply inspiring. Whedon, surely the hardest working God among the Comic-Con crowd, told EW that “You make the time and you make it work if you really, really want it.” Desire. Perseverance. Ultimate triumph. Who doesn’t love a story with a happy ending?

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Mary Elizabeth Williams

Mary Elizabeth Williams is a staff writer for Salon and the author of "Gimme Shelter: My Three Years Searching for the American Dream." Follow her on Twitter: @embeedub.

“The Tragedy of Arthur”: Shakespeare or not?

An ingenious new novel -- presenting itself as a long-lost work of the bard -- comes with a whopping disclaimer

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Arthur Phillips

Arthur Phillips may or may not resent Shakespeare; it’s hard to say for sure. But “Arthur Phillips” certainly does bear a grudge against the bard. Phillips is the author of four novels, including the sparkling debut, “Prague,” and Arthur is a character in the most recent of them, “The Tragedy of Arthur.” Arthur shares much of his creator’s history: He’s also the author of a novel titled “Prague” and has the same editor, agent and publicist as the real-life Phillips. But presumably the real Phillips is not the son of a small-time con man and the reluctant editor of a play experts have anointed as a long-lost work by Shakespeare.

As a rule, I’m leery of novels in which one of the characters has the same name as the author. Once upon a time, this seemed a clever gambit, calling attention to (among other things) the too-common tendency for readers to confuse novelists with their creations. By now, however, it’s gotten a bit stale, and provokes many readers into rolling their eyes and muttering darkly about “postmodern tricks.”

Nevertheless, “The Tragedy of Arthur” earns an exemption from such skepticism. This is a novel about authorship — real, false and contested — yet it’s far from the sort of arch and arid exercise in formalist tail-swallowing that most people think of when they refer to “postmodern tricks.” The novel is, indeed, a tragedy of authorship, but it is also the story of a man whose self-inflicted, tragicomic woes are as affecting and wincingly believable as those endured by the hero of any conventional fiction. That Arthur’s spectacular crash-and-burn comes nestled in a web of ingenious and very funny literary allusions only makes it that much more of a treat.

Here’s the premise: Arthur’s narration is the introduction to the play, which makes up the final third of the novel (and is a fine Shakespearean pastiche). Although he once (briefly) believed it to be genuine, he’s now convinced it was forged by his father (also named Arthur Phillips) — no matter what forensic and literary scholars say to the contrary. Trapped in an elaborate legal snare that makes it impossible for him to withdraw the thing from publication, Arthur has, however, retained the right to force his disillusioned introduction into the book and to bicker in the footnotes with the scholarly editor retained by his publisher.

Fuming, Arthur explains how he found himself in this excruciating situation. He describes an early childhood of idyllic companionship with his twin sister, Dana, and his charming father, who beguiles him with a telescope that shows people on Saturn looking back at the boy with their own telescopes. Later, he enlists both children in creating bogus crop circles in a farmer’s field. The father portrays his deceits as a campaign to replenish “the world’s vanishing faith in wonder,” but since he also applies his forgery skills to making a living, he ends up doing several stints in jail, breaking his daughter’s heart, ruining his marriage and enraging his son.

“I loved him without reservations until reservations were required,” Arthur explains, but the truth is a bit more complicated. Even before the first arrest, he was jealous of the bond between his father and his sister, cemented by their shared adoration of Shakespeare, a writer who leaves Arthur cold. Every so often, the disgruntled son takes a break from his narrative to rant about bardolatry, which he derides as “a trick of perspective, a rolling boulder of PR, a general cowardliness in us, a desire for heroes and easy answers,” and it must be said that some of his jibes deliver palpable hits. Does Shakespeare epitomize what we find great in literature, Arthur asks, or have we cut our conception of greatness to fit his form because we want so badly to believe that “one guy had it all”?

And now a word about the extracurricular attractions of “The Tragedy of Arthur.” Surely the modern world’s most extravagant bardolater is Yale professor Harold Bloom, who, as Arthur puts it, “traveled all the way to the maximalist and insane thesis that Shakespeare invented how people now live, communicate and think.” What Arthur doesn’t explain is that Bloom is perhaps most famous for “The Anxiety of Influence,” a book that advanced the theory that every great writer is locked in an oedipal struggle with the great writers of the previous generation and that these competitive feelings fuel artistic inspiration. Arthur is no exception. “You’re the first person ever to suffer from a double oedipal complex,” is how Dana puts it. “And one of your dads is four hundred years old.”

But if the fictional Arthur fantasizes about surpassing Shakespeare, the real-life Phillips has a different artistic daddy in mind, a writer whose name is never mentioned in “The Tragedy of Arthur,” although he is referred to once, obliquely. Phillips’ novel is, of course, a tribute to Vladimir Nabokov’s “Pale Fire,” which takes the form of an annotated long poem that is eventually submerged in the ravings of its demented and homicidal editor. Phillips’ Nabokovian flourishes are on ample display in “The Tragedy of Arthur,” as when he compares a snail to an “ornate, restless 2″ or worries that his father’s forgery will find favor with an academic champion, “some tenure-famished conniver ready to authenticate to make a name.”

But I’ll stop there, for fear that this will come to resemble Mary McCarthy’s famous review of “Pale Fire,” a piece titled “A Bolt From the Blue,” that is — in my opinion — over-celebrated. The review consists almost entirely of a listing of Nabokov’s literary references, and amounts to little more than McCarthy showing off her parochial-school erudition. (Literary critics, too — even the female ones! — have their oedipal grudges.)

Besides, you don’t need to know all this for “The Tragedy of Arthur” to work as a novel about a man whose refusal to believe that he is sufficiently loved causes him to alienate the people who really do love him. Like a lot of us, Arthur half-recognizes what he’s doing, but just can’t stop himself. “I refused to resemble my father in any way,” is how he describes his attitude at one crucial juncture, and of course that’s exactly whom he ends up resembling. There’s irony in that, but not the facile, sterile irony that many people think of when they talk about postmodern tricks. Instead, this is the hard-earned irony of lived experience, and if it sometimes laughs, that doesn’t mean it hasn’t known its share of tears.

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Laura Miller

Laura Miller is a senior writer for Salon. She is the author of "The Magician's Book: A Skeptic's Adventures in Narnia" and has a Web site, magiciansbook.com.

The Shakespeare film canon

Slide show: In the wake of "The Tempest," we look at the must-see movie adaptations of the Bard's best-known plays

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The Shakespeare film canon

View the slide show

“The girls today in society Go for classical poetry, So to win their hearts one must quote with ease Aeschylus and Euripides. But the poet of them all Who will start ‘em simply ravin’ Is the poet people call The bard of Stratford-on-Avon.” – “Brush Up on Your Shakespeare,” from “Kiss Me, Kate.”

In honor of the release of what must be the 265 millionth adaptation of a Shakespeare play, Julie Taymor’s version of “The Tempest,” we’ve put together a list of memorable Shakespeare adaptations for film and television. Because the playwright is infinitely adaptable, we’ve divided each slide into two categories: “Traditional” and “Wild Card.” The former refers to an adaptation that sticks somewhat close to the original story, characterizations and language (although the setting might have been changed or “updated”). “Wild Card” refers to an adaptation that takes a particular Shakespeare play as a jumping-off point, then does its own thing.

If we’ve omitted any obvious candidates — or neglected major Shakespeare plays that you believe have been filmed in enough varied ways to have merited their own slide — tell us in the comments. And rest assured that the author will cop to any grievous error of judgment or fact. “Oftentimes excusing of a fault doth make the fault the worse by the excuse.”  — William Shakespeare, “King John.”

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“The Tempest”: Helen Mirren’s sadly elegant mom-magician

Director Julie Taymor makes Prospero female -- but fails to shed new light on Shakespeare's much-dissected play

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Ben Whishaw and Helen Mirren in "The Tempest"

It’s difficult, but not impossible, to wreck a Shakespeare play completely, and if there’s a reason to be grateful for Julie Taymor’s muddled, middling production of “The Tempest,” it lies in the fact that she doesn’t do that. A wizard of the Broadway stage who created the long-running “Lion King” musical (and the now-previewing Spider-Man musical), Taymor has what you might call a mixed record as a film director: I mean, everything she makes is a mixed bag. (Her last two movies were the Beatles musical “Across the Universe” in 2007, and the biopic “Frida” five years earlier. Make sense of that, if you can.) This is her second big-screen attack on the Bard, and it’s a whole lot friendlier than her gory, deranged “Titus” from a decade ago.

Which is not to say it’s, like, amazing or anything. Taymor approaches Shakespeare’s last play (unless it isn’t; that issue, like everything else about the greatest dramatist of the English tradition, is disputed) with great respect, staying largely true to its impressive text and general narrative outline. Her interpretations and interpolations range from brilliant to indifferent to extremely silly; as Taymor surely knows, there’s nothing especially revolutionary in asking Helen Mirren to play the central role of Prospera (i.e., Prospero), the deposed duke/duchess of Milan turned white-magic practitioner. (Vanessa Redgrave played a gender-neutral Prospero on the London stage 10 years ago.) What it does get you is, well, Helen Mirren performing one of Shakespeare’s most complicated characters, which can make up for a lot of other problems.

The thing about “The Tempest” is that there’s almost no way to bring something new to this tremendously allegorical and ambiguous play, which is highly self-conscious and very much unlike anything else Shakespeare wrote — is it a comedy? a romance? a “masque”? — and may be the most reinterpreted, overanalyzed and deconstructed literary work in the Western tradition. Since the play was first performed in the 17th century, viewers have seen Prospero’s final decision to abjure his “rough magic” and break his staff as a metaphor for Shakespeare’s own decision to end his playwriting career. More recently, Prospero’s relationship with Ariel, his “airy spirit” servant, and Caliban, his deformed, island-born slave, have been understood in terms of colonial and/or psychoanalytic theory: love/hate, black/white, North/South, ego/Id.

I suppose in offering a traditional rendering, or nearly so — it’s set on an island, with characters more or less in Elizabethan dress, Ariel (Ben Whishaw) as a naked holographic sprite and Caliban (Djimon Hounsou) as a near-naked, mud-encrusted African — Taymor is allowing us to pick up the story and run in whichever direction we choose. But I can’t help wishing this “Tempest” had more of a distinctive personality. Instead, it waxes and wanes with its cast, some of whom are fully up to the task posed by Shakespearean dialogue and some of whom just aren’t.

Hounsou gives a powerful physical performance, but simply can’t be understood speaking Caliban’s difficult blank verse about half the time. It’s no good being a proto-Frantz Fanon colonial rebel if we can’t make out what you’re trying to say. (He’s better when quieter, as when reassuring newcomers: “Be not afraid, the isle is full of noises/ Sounds, and sweet airs, that give delight and hurt not.”) Felicity Jones and Reeve Carney, as the young lovers Miranda and Ferdinand, are merely dull. Some of the best scenes in the movie involve stage veterans like David Strathairn, Chris Cooper and Alan Cumming, playing the nefarious if subsidiary trio of King Alonso of Naples, Prospera’s brother Antonio and the Iago-lite Sebastian.

If you’ve seen the trailers, you’ll know that English comedian and not-quite movie star Russell Brand shows up as the buffoonish Trinculo, playing him as yet another of Brand’s Cockney rock-star caricatures. Thing is, that fits pretty well with the dimwit character, who briefly becomes — along with his drunken buddy Stephano (Alfred Molina) — an instrument in Caliban’s planned insurrection against Prospera’s rule. Those enjoyments aside, this “Tempest” is all about Mirren, who plays the aging female mage with a mixture of conqueror’s arrogance and motherly sadness, lending her final words about the rebellious Caliban — “this thing of darkness I acknowledge mine” — a tragic ambivalence. (She does not call him a “demi-devil” and “bastard” in the same breath, as Prospero does in the play.)

Lovely as it is to hear Mirren read some of the most challenging lines ever written in our language, Prospero does not look, to our eyes, like an entirely sympathetic figure (not that he necessarily did 400 years ago either), and making him female does not relieve him of the white man’s burden. Ultimately Taymor’s reading of “The Tempest” is more dutiful than exciting, and it’s strangely bereft of the visual imagination and diabolical machinery for which her theatrical productions are known. Perhaps more than any other Shakespeare play, this one has evaded successful translation from stage to screen. Derek Jarman’s homoerotic reimagining from 1980 and Paul Mazursky’s lightweight modern-language version made two years later are all but forgotten. I admire Peter Greenaway’s “Prospero’s Books” for what it is, which is a self-referential digital art project using Shakespeare’s text as one of its elements (along with lots of naked flesh). But none of those films really comes close to capturing the dense and nettlesome mysteries of “The Tempest,” and this earnest effort doesn’t either. Is “Forbidden Planet,” the 1950s sci-fi reworking, with Robbie the Robot as Ariel and an invisible, perhaps imaginary Caliban, still the best movie version?

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