Fiction
“Specimen Days” by Michael Cunningham
Walt Whitman haunts this triptych novel from the author of "The Hours," which raises historical fiction, the detective story and science fiction to the status of literature.
There is a plan at work in Michael Cunningham’s new novel; let’s get that out of the way first. Like his Pulitzer Prize-winning “The Hours,” the book is made up of three stories set in different historical periods by people whose lives echo one another in mysterious yet significant ways. All this is infused by the spirit of a past literary genius, with Walt Whitman serving in that role for “Specimen Days” as Virginia Woolf did for “The Hours.” Certain themes recur in each of the three stories in “Specimen Days”: class differences, the difficulty of feeling authentically, quasi-Buddhist notions of rebirth and the afterlife, the exhilarating nightmare of New York City, the dream of escaping New York City.
Cunningham’s intention is clear (although some critics have inexplicably missed it): He sees Whitman as the inclusive, expansive, loving and slightly crazed spirit of what’s best about America. Whitman refused to acknowledge the differences of sex, race and class as differences in people’s worth, and Cunningham, the quintessential contemporary literary novelist, aims in this book to embrace three literary genres that are usually considered “beneath” his own: historical fiction, police thriller and science fiction. If we want to know what America really is, he (by implication) exhorts his fellow literati, we need to explore what America really reads.
The result, taken story by story, and especially in the last two, is rather wonderful. (There’s a strong resemblance to David Mitchell’s “Cloud Atlas,” a spooky synchronicity when you realize that Cunningham must have been finishing up “Specimen Days” when “Cloud Atlas” came out.) While the devices and clichés of genre fiction can make it entertaining but shallow, the narrative listlessness of a lot of literary fiction often undermines its lovely prose and delicate character insights. Readers seldom get both in one package. Cat, the 38-year-old African-American forensic psychologist in Cunningham’s second story, “The Children’s Crusade,” is a stock figure — the brooding thriller detective with a painful past — reenvisioned as a flesh-and-blood woman, the way the Blue Fairy transformed wooden Pinocchio into a real boy.
Cunningham sees the thriller genre’s bid for gritty realism, and raises the stakes until they actually matter. The office where Cat works “resembled nothing so much as a failing mail order business”; a co-worker has “the pure, shining conviction of the almost smart” and is “one of the new breed, guys who seemed to think that if they were right up front about their sexism and racism, if they walked in and sat down and just said it, they were at least semi-absolved.” She finds herself playing irksome roles (“the queenly bearing and the schoolmarm diction”) to get along in the world and, most painfully, to charm her white stockbroker boyfriend, who loves to hear her talk cop.
Likewise, in the novel’s third section, “Like Beauty,” we find the usual unfamiliar futuristic paraphernalia requiring exhaustive description, but the descriptions themselves transcend science fiction’s typically mechanical exposition: A soothing drink called “serotoninade” has been engineered to be “the precise color of a swimming pool at night.” Even better, the characters — a semibiological android experiencing the first glimmers of emotion, a reptilian extraterrestrial whose people serve as nannies and gardeners for human beings, and a discarded, deformed boy — have nuanced, three-dimensional inner lives.
Science fiction can be intellectually stimulating but psychologically stunted; in this case, though, Cunningham renders the emerging humanity of Simon, the android, with rare sensitivity. It begins with a realization, after the three companions hit the road in a post-nuclear pilgrimage to find Simon’s maker, that “the world was made of tricks and sorrows, of zealots and shoddiness and brutal authorities and old men in costumes.” It continues through a touching conversation with Catareen, the alien, in which Simon learns that his experience of disconnection between who he appears to be and who he believes he really is may be the lot of all sentient creatures and not, after all, a sign of his own artificiality.
As adventures in genre cross-pollination, “The Children’s Crusade” and “Like Beauty” are exciting, fresh and important innovations (the first story, “In the Machine,” not so much), so does it matter that the overall plan Cunningham has created for the novel feels too schematic? Only, I think, if you believe such experiments need intellectual justifications. I see how Walt Whitman works in the theory of “Specimen Days,” but in practice, once Cunningham really gets going, he’s extraneous, an emblem of cultural gravitas the book doesn’t need. As Simon muses, watching a motley band of pilgrims preparing to leave for another planet, “the passengers on the Mayflower had probably been like this, too … It was nut jobs. It was hysterics and visionaries and petty criminals. The odes and monuments, the plaques and pageants, came later.” The big ideas in “Specimen Days” have a touch of the plaque in them, so just keep your eye on the nut jobs.
Laura Miller is a senior writer for Salon. She is the author of "The Magician's Book: A Skeptic's Adventures in Narnia" and has a Web site, magiciansbook.com. More Laura Miller.
50 shades of Shutterstock
Slide show: Everyone's favorite light-bondage bestseller illustrated by inexplicable stock photography SLIDE SHOW
This week, for roughly the millionth time, E.L. James’ romance-bondage trilogy “50 Shades” nabs the No. 1, 2 and 3 spots on the New York Times bestseller lists. We don’t get it either. Every page of that book, which famously began as “Twilight” fan fiction, elicits a sigh of confusion and weird secondary embarrassment. The question is: Who would read this? (The answer is: Apparently everyone.) It’s the same baffled, helpless feeling we get when we sort through stock photos on a daily basis. Stock photos – which have been the subject of recent outstanding Internet satire – are used by this site, and many others, to illustrate our flood of content. Many are plain and simple, but a good portion are flat-out mind-blowing. Why did anyone think that photo was a good idea? It only made sense to join these forces. And so, we present to you passages from the most head-scratching bestseller of our time, illustrated with the assistance of inexplicable stock photography.
Megaphone by Natalie Bakopoulos
Miracles happen, even in an Athens crippled by a garbage strike, to a young mother unsure of her ability to love
(Credit: iStockphoto/caracterdesign) It’s the third week of the garbage strike and Athens has begun to smell. Bright-colored trash bags fill the curbs and alleyways, and we have learned to step over the rubbish and avoid the blocks that had become unnavigable. We know which stretches are particularly foul — a stretch along Mavili Square, or the entire top end of Monastiraki. Odos Athinas is a sea of trash, and Omonia is ghastly but we don’t go there anyway. May has gone from unseasonably cool to raging hot, and the garbage seems to be melting. In front of the museum it’s like yet another installation project. When I arrive each morning I want to wretch.
Continue Reading CloseNatalie Bakopoulos's first novel, "The Green Shore," will be published by Simon & Schuster in June 2012. Her work has appeared in Tin House, Ninth Letter, Granta Online, and The O. Henry Prize Stories 2010, and she is a contributing editor for the online journal Fiction Writers Review. More Natalie Bakopoulos.
Almost by Chris Pavone
She never thought of herself as ambitious, until motherhood and career collided in one horrifying hospital ride
(Credit: iStockphoto/caracterdesign) It’s just before dawn when Isabel puts the final page down on the fat stack of paper that sits on the rumpled bedspread, next to an overflowing crystal ashtray and a crumpled soft-pack of cigarettes. She’d tried Wellbutrin and Xanax; she’d used patches and gum. In the end, the only thing that made her quit smoking was being pregnant.
But then, after everything, she couldn’t help but start up again. At first it was just a single cigarette per day, or two. Then it became a few, and within months she was back to full-throttle. Over the past couple of years, she’s tried to quit a few times, but not seriously. She anticipates — she accepts — failure. Because she doesn’t want to quit, not really. She wants instead to try, and fail.
Continue Reading CloseMemorial Day fiction: Are we there yet?
Salon exclusive: At the start of the summer fiction season, new stories from Chris Pavone and Natalie Bakopoulos
(Credit: iStockphoto/caracterdesign) “Are we there yet?”
It’s a dreaded sentence. When it’s spoken by an anxious child from the back seat, it’s enough to make stressed-out parents wish they’d never taken a family vacation in the first place. And even if it’s delivered as a sing-songy punch line, from an impatient partner or spouse on a long road trip, it’s an irritating eye-roller of a joke.
So this Memorial Day weekend — the unofficial start of the summer vacation season, and therefore the summer fiction season — we asked two novelists to reclaim the sentence in a new and adult context. For our latest fiction project, there was only one simple rule: Each story had to include the line “Are we there yet?” in a fresh and surprising way.
Continue Reading CloseDavid Daley is the senior culture editor of Salon. More David Daley.
“Frankenstein” remixed
This masterful new adaptation of Mary Shelley's classic novel may be the best interactive fiction yet
Whatever interactive fiction is (and we’re still figuring that out) it suffers from all the problems of traditional fiction and then some. The vast majority of novels and short stories aren’t much good, but when a branching fiction — along the lines of the old “Choose Your Own Adventure” children’s books — fails to engage, the first impulse is to blame the form rather than the content. Let “Frankenstein,” just released by Inkle Studios and Profile Books, serve as a reproach to that reflex. The app is a creative, subtle and sensitive adaptation of Mary Shelley’s classic novella, and it has singlehandedly renewed this critic’s hopes for interactive fiction.
Laura Miller is a senior writer for Salon. She is the author of "The Magician's Book: A Skeptic's Adventures in Narnia" and has a Web site, magiciansbook.com. More Laura Miller.
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