Spiegel staff

Gunmen were also holding hostages at the Nariman House, the Mumbai office of the ultra-orthodox Jewish group Chabad Lubavitch. “It seems that the terrorists commandeered a police vehicle which allowed them easy access to the area of the Chabad house,” said a spokesman for the Lubavitch movement in New York, Rabbi Zalman Shmotkin. By 10:30 a.m. local time police had freed at least three of the hostages, but the status of the occupants of the house wasn’t clear.

All hostages at the Taj Mahal have been freed, according to state police chief A. N. Roy. “People who were held up there, they have all been rescued,” he told the NDTV news channel. “But there are guests in the rooms, we don’t know how many,” he said.

Indian TV also showed images late on Thursday morning of hostages being freed from the Oberoi, where at least one German guest has died.

A militant inside the Oberoi talked to Indian TV by telephone. “Release all the mujahedeens (from Indian jails), and Muslims living in India should not be troubled,” he said. He added that seven armed militants were inside the hotel, and said his name was Sahadullah.

“Deccan Mujahideen”

Terrorism experts had never heard of the group claiming responsibility, the Deccan Mujahideen. Magnus Ranstorp, a terrorism specialist at the Swedish National Defense College, said there were “very strong suspicions of a link to al-Qaida,” but other experts said the attacks had no apparent hallmarks of al-Qaida or the South Asian terrorist group Lashkar-e-Taiba.

“There’s absolutely nothing al-Qaida-like about it,” Christine Fair, senior political scientist at the RAND corporation, told the International Herald Tribune. “Did you see any suicide bombers? And there are no fingerprints of Lashkar. They don’t do hostage taking, and they don’t do grenades.”

“Deccan” refers to a region of central and southern India, so the terrorists may belong to India’s disgruntled, domesitic Islamic minority. Homegrown radical Muslims have plagued India for years, notably in 2006, when bombs on Mumbai’s train and subway lines killed 187.

Some reports said the terrorists on Wednesday were out to kill US and British citizens. A Briton who had been eating at the Oberoi hotel restaurant said he was herded by a young gunman into a stairway with 30 or 40 other people. “They were talking about British and Americans specifically,” Alex Chamberlain told Sky News. “There was an Italian guy, who, you know, they said, ‘Where are you from?’ and he said he’s from Italy and they said ‘fine’ and they left him alone.”

A group of European lawmakers had been barricaded inside the Taj Mahal during the hostage standoff. Sajjad Karim belonged to a European Union delegation which was visiting Mumbai ahead of an EU-India summit. “I was in the main lobby and there was all of a sudden a lot of firing outside,” Karim told the Associated Press. When he turned to escape, “all of a sudden another gunman appeared in front of us, carrying machine-gun-type weapons. And he just started firing at us … I just turned and ran in the opposite direction.”

Mumbai, or Bombay, is India’s financial center, and the Indian stock exchange was closed after Wednesday’s attacks. Muslim terrorism has been a sporadic fact of life there since 1993, when Islamist organized crime figures with links to Pakistan staged a number of bomb attacks on the city’s stock exchange, trains, hotels and gas stations — in the wake of religious riots which had killed hundreds of Muslims across India.

Toribiong said he had discussed the issue with Daniel Fried, the U.S. diplomat who has been charged with the effort to resettle Guantánamo detainees, during his recent visit to Palau. Representatives of the Palau government will travel to Guantánamo to make preparations for the transfer of the inmates, Toribiong said.

With a population of around 20,800, Palau is one of the world’s least-populated countries. It was a U.S. trust territory until it gained independence in 1994 and still maintains close ties to the U.S., as well as relying significantly on American aid.

Two U.S. officials told the Associated Press that the U.S. was ready to give the tiny state up to $200 million in aid, partly in exchange for accepting the inmates. However, a U.S. State Department official told the New York Times that the assistance was not in exchange for the inmate deal.

Palau says the tropical archipelago will be an attractive home for the detainees. “What they will encounter in Palau is paradise,” Stuart Beck, an American lawyer who acts as Palau’s ambassador to the United Nations, told the New York Times.

It is not clear how many of the 17 Uighurs — who have been classified as not being “enemy combatants” and cleared for release — the tiny Pacific nation will accept.

The case of the 17 Uighurs has proved a source of tension between the U.S. and Germany. The U.S. government recently asked Germany to take nine of the Uighur inmates and gave Germany a list with nine names which Germany has been considering. The issue has split the German government. Although German Chancellor Angela Merkel has signaled she is prepared in principle to accept inmates, Interior Minister Wolfgang Schäuble has opposed the move.

Instead of flatly refusing to take them, Schäuble set a number of conditions for their acceptance — including demonstrating a link to Germany and explaining why the U.S. cannot take the inmates — which would likely never be fulfilled. Germany is worried that taking the prisoners may anger China, which sees the Uighurs — a Muslim minority living mainly in northwestern China — as dangerous separatists. Palau maintains diplomatic relations with Taiwan rather than China, making it less susceptible to Chinese pressure. The U.S. does not want to return the Uighurs to China for fear they may be persecuted.

Shortly before Palau’s statement was released, the Uighurs had appealed to Germany to take them. “Our clients ask the German government to open Germany’s doors to them, and in so doing, to inspire other European nations to give humanitarian protection to the many stateless and stranded refugees in Guantánamo,” their lawyer Seema Saifee told SPIEGEL ONLINE in an interview. “They view Germany, which has the largest Uighur community in Europe, as an optimal solution.” Saifee said her clients had no connections to the Taliban or al-Qaida.

The Palau deal would be the largest single transfer of Guantánamo inmates and is the first major agreement on detainees since U.S. President Barack Obama signed an executive order to close Guantánamo as one of his first acts in office.

Recent proposals to move some inmates to high-security prisons on the American mainland have met with opposition from members of Congress — including members of Obama’s Democratic Party — worried that their constituents would object to having former Guantánamo inmates live in their neighborhoods.

This article has been provided by Der Spiegel through a special arrangement with Salon. For more from Europe’s most-read newsmagazine, visit Spiegel Online or subscribe to the daily newsletter.

We are seeing a catastrophe. After years of going down, the number of people in poverty is growing again. We saw social uprisings across Africa and China — and very harsh repression by governments that left many protesters dead. Food shortages allowed several governments, among others Zimbabwe and North Korea, to use food as a political weapon.

Could that have been prevented?

Leading governments have been distracted by the recession. Humanitarian crises, like in Darfur and Palestine, do not get the attention they deserve. The poorest are hardest hit by the economic crisis, but all the thought and investment goes to shore up the economy and the banking system in the West. Human rights are put on a back burner.

Is it surprising to you that Western politicians think of their own countries first?

The West is taking a big risk: If the fallout from the global recession is not managed well and more investment doesn’t go to the poorer countries, billions around the world will suffer.

The recession has also sped up the creation of a new global body — the G-20. Your report shows that by including countries such as China and Saudi Arabia, the human rights record of the former G-8 has been severely tarnished. The G-20 is responsible for almost 80 percent of torture and executions worldwide. Was it a good idea to expand the G-8?

The expansion was right, because the G-20 reflects the reality of political and economic power in the world. But it will not be a very effective group of leaders, if it does not develop a common vision of human rights. One of our goals is to bring the two top nations of the world, the United States and China, to develop a common basis. We want the U.S. to sign up to the United Nations Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and we want China to sign up to U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

A couple of signatures do not result in a common vision. Have you not lost an important ally in the old G-8? After all, the G-8 resolutions, notwithstanding all their imperfections, would uphold certain universal values, the values of Amnesty International. That is now over.

The question is whether the governments of the G-20 have to come down to the lowest common denominator. We campaign to make all member states commit to the universal canon of human rights, and there are some encouraging signs. China has signed its first action plan on human rights. ASEAN put in its charter an explicit commitment to human rights.

The Chinese action plan adopted in April promises, among other things, to control the death penalty and to let journalists and bloggers work freely. How credible is it?

There is a big gap between rhetoric and reality. Promises are not enough, we expect deeds. Before the Olympics last year, China opened up a bit. They unblocked some Web sites, including that of Amnesty, but that is now inaccessible again. Also, they have instituted an appeal in death penalty cases, but they remain by far the biggest executioner in the world.

According to your annual report, China executed at least 1,700 people in the past year, followed by Iran with at least 346 executions.

The real numbers in both countries are significantly higher. These are only the cases that we have gleaned from the news and our country sources. There is no official government data on executions, and we do not get access to either country.

In the past seven years, the war on terror has played a very important role in your annual reports. It seems that it is becoming less important. Western governments that have been involved in torture or rendition are on the defensive, transparency is the new buzzword. Do you feel vindicated?

There is a very clear shift in political strategy around the world. We are very happy about the repeated promises of U.S. President Barack Obama to close Guantánamo and other detention centers and to stop the use of torture. The U.S. has led the war on terror, so this reversal amounts to a global climate change. What is still missing, though, is disclosure. There is an unfinished story of accountability both in the U.S. and Europe. We will keep pushing for the full truth of rendition and torture.

I don’t buy that. I was quite surprised when the whole thing came up and Barack talked about my war experiences in Nazi Germany. We had never talked about that before. This is a trip that he chose, not because of me I’m sure, but for political reasons.

What do you think could be his motives for this trip?

First, I think he already had this trip in mind — with Cairo on the one end and Normandy at the other, and time for Germany in between. Second, perhaps his visit also has something to do with improving his standing with Angela Merkel. She gave him a hard time during his campaign and also afterwards.

At first Mr. Obama claimed that one of his family members was involved in the liberation of Auschwitz. How did this misunderstanding come about?

He couldn’t have gotten it from me since we had never talked about this particular episode in the war. My sister and her husband were both great storytellers and sometimes made up the details to go along with it. They told him about my deployment with the 89th Infantry Division and apparently they mixed up a few details. Of course it came out immediately that he was wrong since there are enough people in America who know that Auschwitz is in the East and that the camp was liberated by the Red Army.

Afterward, Obama called you. What did he want to know?

He wanted to know where this camp was that I had helped liberate. I told him that it was Ohrdruf and that it was a subcamp of the Buchenwald concentration camp. I described a little bit of what I had seen.

You were barely an adult as a soldier back then — how did you wind up at such a place?

Everybody who was able-bodied was drafted. I went down right at the time I graduated and told the lady that ran the Selective Service office. I said, “I’m ready to go,” and she said: “Don’t you worry about it, honey. You’re on the list.” Since I had been colorblind since birth, I was first turned down by the Air Force, then by the Navy and the Marines. Only the Army didn’t care and put me into the infantry.

You came from a small town in Kansas. Where did you receive your Army training?

The Army sent me to North Camp Hood, Texas, for basic training for 13 weeks. We learned to shoot, obey orders and to march.

What did you think about the Germans at the time?

They were the enemy, evil incarnate, and we were the good guys coming to save the world. We were all for the war. We all wanted to be in it. That doesn’t mean we enjoyed being in it, though.

But it took years for British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to convince U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the necessity of entering into the war.

I think Roosevelt played it pretty smooth preparing people for the war. America at the time was isolationist, to a large extent. The majority were of the opinion that they should let Europe fight its own war. We were safe over here behind our ocean.

And you? Did you support America entering the war?

From the time I was in about the 7th grade, I knew there was going to be a war. There were these threatening headlines in the newspapers and more and more extra editions were coming out. Actually, in high school I never really worried much about going to college because I grew up expecting I would be in the Army and fight in a war.

What were your first experiences at the front?

At first there was no front. Because there were no facilities for our ship, we couldn’t anchor in the harbor. Le Havre had been summarily bombed. They finally took us off in the middle of the night on landing barges. It was bitter cold and snowing. There was about 3 or 4 inches of water sloshing around in the bottom. So we landed at Le Havre in bitter cold with wet feet. Soon afterwards we had a large number of people who suffered from frostbite. The camp doctors were forced to amputate fingers, toes, and feet and send these soldiers back to the United States. For them the war was over.

Which route did you take to Buchenwald?

We marched through half of Europe, but I never really knew where I was. In combat we low-ranking people in the Army were not allowed to have maps, guide books, cameras or anything that, if captured, would provide any information to the enemy. So I never had a map when I was in Europe, and I never knew where I was. It was painful in some ways. I hated that because I like being oriented.

What was your job?

I was transferred from my unit to a telephone communication group. I was to be the guard for a crew of four people. Their job was to provide telephone communications for the command post wherever it would be that night. I stood around with my carbine and protected them.

Did you encounter any Germans during this long march?

When we went into a German town or village, there were never any people. We’d be there sometimes for hours and never see a soul, and I always felt like they were watching us. It was pretty spooky.

There was no direct contact with the enemy?

There were mainly sniper attacks. I do remember somewhere, we got out in some town and maybe off a truck or Jeep, and we were just standing there smoking, everybody lighting up their cigarette like always, and this one guy I knew took his helmet off and was immediately shot through the head and fell.

When did you hear the term “concentration camp” for the first time?

You know, I don’t remember that I had heard about or knew about concentration camps where people were systematically killed off or starved. That is one of the horrors I remember, when people had been systematically starved and were nothing but skin sunk in over bones. There was no underlying flesh at all. It was pretty horrid.

Do you remember the day when you discovered the Ohrdruf camp?

Ohrdruf was in that string of towns going across, south of Gotha and Erfurt. Our division was the first one in there. When we arrived there were no German soldiers anywhere around that I knew about. There was no fighting with the Germans, no camp guards. The whole area was overrun by people from the camp dressed in the most pitiful rags, and most of them were in a bad state of starvation. The first thing I saw was a dead body lying square in the middle of the front gate.

A camp inmate?

It turns out that it was a Polish or Russian camp inmate, who had gone over and become a guard for the Nazis. So he was guarding and helping starve the other people. Then when the Americans came, he tried to blend in with the regular inmates. But they recognized him and beat his head in with a tire iron.

What else did you see?

Inside the gate was an area where a bunch of the camp inmates had been machine gunned and were all lying on the ground. Each one had their tin cup in their hand or lying next to them.

What were your thoughts when you were confronted with these images?

You know, I am unable to tell you what I was thinking then. That was a long time ago, and as I told you, until Barack misspoke, I hadn’t thought about any of this for a very, very long time. In fact, I guess I prefer not to think about it. I can assure you I was horrified by the lengths to which men will go to mistreat other men. This was, to me, almost unbelievable. There was more: There were sheds full of dead bodies that had been stripped and thrown in and then stacked up on top of each other. I don’t know how many, but many high and the whole length of the room. They sprinkled lime to keep the smell down. That’s about the extent that I remember actually seeing.

What do you think about the Germans today?

I am puzzled by intelligent people who stand by and allow their country to be taken over and run by extreme radical types. I’m still somewhat puzzled by that. And I am fully aware that it could happen and has almost happened in this country. You know, I lived through the McCarthy era in the 1950s, when it was getting dangerously close to that sort of thing.

You’re a Democrat?

I was a Democrat from way, way before Barack was born.

Are you proud of your great-nephew?

Yes, naturally. I was at the Democratic Convention in Denver, where I was introduced by Sen. John Kerry, and then also at his inauguration. He encompasses so much: self-assuredness, competency, leadership and the great good luck that he had. Finally he had the good luck, if you will, of the financial crisis that got him elected, but now he also has to deal with it.

How would you describe your relationship with Barack?

Our relationship is warm and friendly, but I’m not part of his inner circle. We always have an interesting chat when we get in the same room together. He doesn’t call me up and ask what I have to say about world policy or anything. And I never offer my opinions on any of this.

And will you join your great-nephew on his trip now to Germany?

If he invites me on Air Force One, I’ll be there.

This article has been provided by Der Spiegel through a special arrangement with Salon. For more from Europe’s most-read newsmagazine, visit Spiegel Online or subscribe to the daily newsletter.