Music

The politics of plagiarism

Why Beck, Stereolab, Tortoise, the High Llamas and Sean Lennon are all fascinated by Tom Zi.

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Tom Zi’s eyes are large and dark, a pair of polished acorns.
He is 62 years old, which you wouldn’t know but you can
actually kind of tell when you stare at the creases. He
smiles a lot, like he’s always laughing at his own absurdist
in-joke. Sometimes, when he looks at you, his pupils are so
bright that you can see a ghost of yourself. Other times he
drops his head to consider a question. His features — the
patchy beard, big nose, diminutive frame — are strikingly
human. His eyes never wander.

His attention is remarkable. There are a million things
happening at once in this shabby Victorian parlor,
downstairs in the Irving Plaza concert hall. Later tonight, Zi is performing a rare U.S. show
with the Chicago post-rock band Tortoise. Right now, the
room is loud and complicated with the kinds of things that
have to happen before concerts. A small television crew is
interviewing David Byrne about Zi (pronounced Zay),
whom the former Talking Head tracked down more than 10 years
ago in Brazil. A photographer from a Brazilian newspaper is
pacing impatiently, waiting for a chance to take Zi outside
in the rain. And a stressed-out record company guy keeps
coming into the room and looking over the translator’s
shoulder. There are things to do. Sound checks. Photographs.
Brazilians who need nonexistent tickets. Dinner. Strangers
to hug. And Zi’s eyes never wander.

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Tom Zi, who has made some of the most beautiful music in the
world, is not a purist. Purists are boring, especially world
music purists. The best contemporary musicians know this.
That is why artists like Beck, Stereolab, Tortoise, the High
Llamas and Sean Lennon are all fascinated by Tom Zi and
Tropicalia, the 1960s Brazilian pop movement that he helped
create. Beck et al. have looked beyond American-Anglo pop
for inspiration and incorporated elements into their own
work. They, like Zi, are not purists either.

If world beat is a genre of music loosely based on the idea
of marrying native sounds with foreign influences or musics
from other cultures, Zi made world beat music long
before it went Deep Forest. In some ways, the Tropicalistas
– including principally Zi, the young Gilberto Gil,
songwriter Caetano Veloso and a strange, obscure and
wonderful band called Os Mutantes — can be understood as
corollaries to the dirty hippies jamming psychedelic music
in the States. The Tropicalistas’ movement was both
political and social, set against injustice, restrictive
sexuality and a military dictatorship. (Imagine Nixon’s
tenure, under martial law.)

“We speak about the government, the people that conspire
with the government, the big corporations,” says Zi, half in
English, half with the help of a Portuguese translator. “If
you live in a country like that, you have politics
everywhere. You can’t imagine.”

Working with Brazil’s rich rhythmic heritage — dense with
the music of Portugal, the Caribbean, Africa and indigenous
America — the Tropicalistas layered their pop songs with
Brit psych, modernist poetry, found sounds and phrases
ripped off wholesale from the Beatles and the Stones. Like
most musicians, they were combining influences and
reinventing in their own language. At the same time, there
was never a question of where the components originated.
Listen to the old Tropicalia records and you hear parts
connected to parts connected to parts. It’s some of the most
angular, confusing and ecstatic pop music ever recorded.

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Oddly enough, it’s the riff from “Smoke on the Water”
coming through the P.A. onstage at Irving Plaza. Zi
turns to the guitarist and stops the set. There is something
that he wants to say to the audience.

“I want to make a partnership with you,” he says, “to take
plagiarism into your home.”

It is difficult to understand Zi because his English is so
poor. He’s trying to convince the crowd that the melody of
“Hey Jude” is almost the same as the Brazilian national anthem. He has split the audience into halves and has them
humming each song separately at the same time. It’s hard to
know what he’s talking about.

For Zi, plagiarism is political. A liner-note essay from his 1998 record
“Fabrication Defect” explains how the third world can
cannibalize the first, settle a score and put an end to the
notion of the traditional composer. “The esthetic of the
fabrication defect will reutilize the sonorous civilized
trash … It will recycle an alphabet of emotions contained
in songs and musical symbols of the first world, that sealed
each marked step of our affective and emotional life. They
will be put to use in small cells of plagiarized material.
This deliberate practice unleashes an esthetic of plagiarism
… that ambushes the universe of well-known and traditional
music.”

Back onstage, the guitarist rips into “Smoke on the Water”
again. Conga drums come in. He switches to the Stones’ “(I
Can’t Get No) Satisfaction.” Zi smiles. The music
wanders everywhere, but he is unswerving.

As a performer, Zi was the weirdest in a weird movement. The
military came down on the Tropicalistas with extreme
censorship in late 1968. Some of the musicians were
arrested, others banished. Zi went underground. He began
recording with homemade instruments, experimenting with
atonal riffs and continuing to write political songs. Zi,
unlike his Tropicalista comrades who abandoned much of the
strangeness of Tropicalia and became stars, lost his
audience.

He languished for years until David Byrne found his records
during a stay in Sau Paulo. Byrne tracked down Zi and
arranged to release the Brazilian’s older songs on his Luaka
Bop record label. The first collection, “The Best of Tom Zi,” is a pleasant mix of acoustic guitar
melodies, strange sounds and Zi’s soft, almost soothing
voice. At the same time, it’s very, very odd: One minute
back-up singers coo lullabies, the next there’s the sound of
metal milling against a grinding wheel. Odd, and very, very
pretty.

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Zi in the Irving Plaza lobby: “Politics are in my songs in
the same way that to be lovers — to have a relationship –
is politics, the same way that staring at the moon is
politics. For us Brazilians, politics is a very important
matter, because politics is destroying us. It’s fucking up
the country. Politics are in my music because it is part of
our food. It is very important.”

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Tom Zi is jumping up and down onstage at Irving Plaza.
There are 1,100 people in the audience and the show is sold
out. He is playing percussion by thumping his chest. Behind
him, the members of Tortoise plink on vibes and shake
rattles and play fuzzed-out guitar.

People in the audience are not really dancing: They are listening. When
Zi asks them to, they sing entire choruses. Some speak
Portuguese, many know the lyrics and sing along.

Zi is very pleased with a just-finished version of “Defect
2.” He smiles at the mike, gleams at the lights and
addresses the crowd. “You know that I no speak English,” he
says. This does not stop him.

“In Africa, I am the slave. In Brazil, I am the slave. In
Brazil, the republic is the slave. But here, here I am the
boss.”

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“Fabrication Defect” (1998), Zi’s third record for Luaka
Bop, is a concept album of sorts, based around some of the
esthetic theories Zi has been toying with since he began
studying music at a university in Bahia in the early ’60s. An essay
in the liner notes explains that
Zi believes that people in the third world have been
converted to “a kind of android,” which allows them to serve
“first world bosses.” The androids, however, are not perfect
yet, they have defects, which include the ability to think,
dance and dream. Zi’s album then is a celebration of those
defects, broken down into 14 different songs, each celebrating
a separate defect.

It’s smart music, obviously, but the ideas never seem
forced. The three-minute songs effortlessly segue from one
to another. “Defect 1: Gene” is a sprightly tune based
around ringing guitar patterns and chiming tambourines.
“Defect 2: Curiosidade” is a quieter ballad, its acoustic
guitar riffing off “Defect 1,” with Zi baby-talking in the
background.

It’s almost suspiciously tight, musically at least. Did Zi
ever abandon the album’s concept for musical concessions? Is
there a difference between the fabrication defect idea and
“Fabrication Defect”? “My attempt was to make the record
very simple: Defect one, to think, that is the most
dangerous defect; defect two can be to love, to study, to
dance, to think. These are all defects,” he says. “But the
songs I get to compose — like the winds in navigation –
change the direction of the target. My own inspiration
changes direction too. It fucked me up.”

Not too much. There are moments when you can hear Zi’s past,
like the “vasolina-gasolina” rhyme he rips off from
Caetano Veloso on “Defect 3: Politicar.” And there are other
moments when Zi sounds like the future, or at least hyper
contemporary. The record’s figurative centerpiece is the
loping, accordion-driven finale, “Defect 14: Xiquexique,” which flips
from found-sound to rhythm sticks, methodically builds new
patterns upon each section and crescendos at five and a half
minutes with all the different sounds ramming into one
another. It’s as dramatic and complicated and weird and
exciting as the best songs by Beck, Stereolab or Tortoise.

Brazilian music, once
again, is reaching critical mass in the States. Consider:

  • Luaka is reissuing long out of print records by Os
    Mutantes this summer. (Talk about beach music!)

  • Beck named
    a groovy Brazilian-influenced tune “Tropicalia,” and named
    his last record “Mutations,” which sounds a lot like a mad
    shout-out to the Mutantes.

  • A huge Tropicalia box set
    appeared last year with four CDs’ worth of songs.

  • “Fabrication Defect” popped up all over 1998 critics lists
    for best record of the year; Zi’s tour earned stacks of press
    clippings; and you can still hear his songs in
    rotation on college radio.

  • Zi’s tour-only EP “Postmodern
    Platos” includes remixes by popsters like Sean Lennon and
    the High Llamas and sonic pioneers like Amon Tobin, Ui’s
    Sasha Frere-Jones and Tortoise’s John McEntire.

  • That damn Banana Republic commercial and its little Brazilian
    anthem.

    And so what does it all mean? What were the Tropicalistas onto that still resonates today?
    For starters, it probably has
    something to do with the essence of pop: miscegenation and
    the constant progress that comes with reinventing form by
    destruction. Then there’s the lure of appropriation, the desire to turn a world of sounds
    into a private playground, and the absurd drama of dada, which allows for laughter in
    the face of tyranny. And there might be a little political
    residue, or at least a nostalgia for a time or place where to
    sing about politics seemed important, when it gave their music force and a reason to exist.

    Ask Zi what the fuss is about and he’ll answer with a bizarre
    riddle, one that says everything and nothing at once — the
    perfect Tom Zi quote.

    “To respond, I will make a metaphor,” he says, speaking
    quietly, his eyes narrowing in. “The ears of
    the dollar are more sensitive than the honors of the
    dollar.”

  • Jeff Stark is the associate editor of Salon Arts and Entertainment.

    Trust me on this: David Bowie’s “Hunky Dory”

    The Old 97's singer credits Bowie's brilliant "Hunky Dory" for rescuing his adolescence and inspiring his career

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    Trust me on this: David Bowie's (Credit: Benjamin Wheelock)
    This is the second story in the Trust Me On This series, which runs through Father's Day. You can read the other entries here.

    Dear Kiddos,

    Hey, you turkeys. Listen up. I need you to listen for five minutes. I’m going to impart a little wisdom. You can take it or leave it. For what it’s worth, I’d rather you took it.

    The advice is this: David Bowie’s “Hunky Dory” is a perfect album, and, since perfect albums are a rare commodity, it is worthy of deep and repeated listenings.

    I’m listening to “Hunky Dory” as I write this. How many times have I listened to this, my favorite record? Like a million? And it never gets old.

    I discovered “Hunky Dory” by accident. I was a sad, lonely little kid. Eleven years old and obsessed with Joan Jett, another artist I imagine you kids would enjoy. Back then, the radio was still a real thing that people listened to, believed in and learned from. I stayed up past my bedtime one Saturday night during the Christmas holiday to listen to a weekly show called “The King Biscuit Flower Hour” featuring a concert by my secret girlfriend, Joan Jett. At the end of the set, she played a cover of a song that would forever change the course of my budding musical tastes, “Rebel Rebel.” As it turned out, “Rebel Rebel” would never be one of my favorite Bowie tunes, but I could detect, within its lyric, a narrative voice to which I could relate. Like really relate.

    I was a latchkey kid, a thing that no longer exists. Both of my parents worked, so every weekday after school, I had a few hours wherein I could do whatever the heck I wanted. What I usually wanted to do was go to Half Price Books & Records. The next Monday, released from the grim confines of Armstrong Elementary, I walked to Half Price where I found exactly one David Bowie album. I brought home “Hunky Dory,” marveling at its weird, androgynous cover. In those pre-Internet days, one was always left with questions. Is that David Bowie on the album cover? Is that person a guy or a lady? Is it a painting or some sort of artsy photo? Is this even rock ‘n’ roll, or is it some other kind of music, the name of which has been kept a secret from me?

    It was just that, some other, new kind of music. New to me, anyway. This album, recorded when I had been less than a year old, opened doors for me. And I thought I caught a glimpse of my own future. My family’s house on Gillon Avenue was empty when the needle dropped on Side A. “Changes,” turned up to top volume, was my anthem from the first line of the first verse. “Still don’t know what I was waiting for,” indeed. This was what I had been waiting for. Putting up with all the cruel dullards in my grade school, all the teachers and coaches, all the stupid kids and mean adults, had been almost unbearable. Suddenly, I wasn’t alone.

    “Hunky Dory” is not a kids’ record, but there is certainly a preponderance of imagery relating to childhood. “Changes” speaks of “these children that you spit on.” “Oh You Pretty Things” has the song’s object driving his “mama and papa insane.” In “Kooks,” the singer begs his own kid to stay, reassuring the lucky little guy that “we believe in you.” At the time, I needed to hear that sentiment.  I went back to it over and over again throughout the difficult years of adolescence. David Bowie was not my dad, but he was there in a pinch.

    As the album goes on, it gets weirder. And deeper. And darker. “Quicksand” offers up an epic take on the human experience, turning on a phrase that would echo dangerously throughout those most perilous years of my youth, “knowledge comes with death’s release.” I didn’t understand, but I did understand, if you catch my drift. These were meditations on the difficulty of everyday life, and the insane nature of our very existence. Heavy, beautiful stuff.

    Antidotes appear in the record’s latter portion. “Happiness is happening/dragons have been bled … fear’s just in your head,” Bowie proclaims in the goofy-but-right-on “Fill Your Heart.” Then he proceeds to introduce the listener to Andy Warhol and Bob Dylan. And then comes “Queen Bitch,” wherein we meet Bowie’s longtime foil, the most underrated guitarist in rock history, Mick Ronson. The riff in “Queen Bitch” hints at what is to come on Bowie’s next LP, “The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders From Mars,” Bowie’s breakthrough album, but “Hunky Dory” is still pre-fame Bowie at his folkie best.

    Finally, he leaves us with the epic poem that is “Bewlay Brothers.” As an 11-year-old, I played it repeatedly in an attempt to decipher this song’s meaning. I wrote out the lyrics in my journal, hoping to make sense of them. To no avail. I did know that something had gone horribly wrong, there was madness and sadness, and then the record was over. Just like that.

    Again and again, I listened. Memorized. Marveled. Sang along. When I could take it no longer, I found a guitar teacher and learned how to do these things myself. Well, not exactly these things, but my own version thereof. My early songs were such a pale imitation of early-’70s Bowie, that I could have been sued — had anyone ever heard my early songs. It’s quite possible that I spent the whole of my teenage years singing with an English accent. As they say, mistakes were made.

    I never got over Bowie. Especially “Hunky Dory.” Many of his other records have remained favorites: “Low,” “Ziggy Stardust,” “Station to Station.” But “Hunky Dory” was my first love. I caught a lot of grief for my borderline-obsessive Bowie fandom. Kids at school used it as ammunition in their attacks on my masculinity. Did I care? Sure. Did I care enough to throw Bowie under the bus and pretend to withdraw my admiration for this artist who set me on the path I knew I was destined to follow? Hell no. David Bowie was and is my hero.

    Listen, kids: I want you to hear “Hunky Dory” because I think you will love it. Like I said, it’s a perfect record, and how often do those come along? But the real reason I want you to listen to “Hunky Dory” is because, in its 11 tracks, you will find the clues that will lead you to an understanding of me, your dad. You’ll see signposts pointing the way to the path I chose in life.

    Making music for a living isn’t easy. Many things about it are tough as hell: The touring and its requisite absences; the self-absorption; the occasional financial insecurity; the mood swings one attributes to the “artistic personality.” This life, however, is what I was made for. This calling is the only one I’ve ever known. I’m not curing cancer or solving the global hunger crisis. I’m making music. But there is a certain hazy nobility in that vocation. Somewhere, an 11-year-old kid may be putting on an album of mine and discovering that the universe isn’t a meaningless jumble of coincidences, that there is purpose to be found in these three-minute constructions of music and lyrics. Some small but elegant meaning.

    Heck, before you guys came along, that was all I had. The great thing is that now I have everything.

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    Rhett Miller is the lead singer of the Old 97s. His latest solo album, "The Dreamer," will be released on June 5.

    Illustrating the ’60s music revolution

    How one book captured the spirit and art of the cultural transformation -- as it was happening

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    Illustrating the '60s music revolution
    This article originally appeared on Imprint.

    Imprint“When did music become so important?” That’s Don Draper from last week’s “Mad Men,” set in 1966. Later in the episode he turns off “Tomorrow Never Knows,” from the Beatles album “Revolver,” and walks out of the room.

    art: Rick Griffin

    There’s something happening here, but you don’t know what it is — do you, Mr. Draper? One year later, Rolling Stone magazine will make its debut, followed soon by “Rock and Other Four Letter Words.”

    “Rock,” a 250-plus-page Bantam paperback, was published in January 1968 and subtitled “Music of the Electric Generation.” It was one of the first books of its kind, chronicling a cultural revolution that was still in the midst of its own creation. Crammed with black-and-white portraits of bands and musicians, it’s part oral history, part visual LSD trip. One of its fold-out spreads has an intricate, circuitlike diagram that connects over a hundred names, from the Butterfield Blues Band, the Beach Boys, and the Byrds to Busby Berkeley, Brubeck and Bach.

    The editor-designer was a writer named J Marks. The photographer for most of the images was Linda Eastman, who went on to work for Rolling Stone and — oh, yes — marry Paul McCartney.

    By the sheer force of its graphic presentation, ”Rock and Other Four Letter Words” conveys the mid-1960s music scene’s spirit, vitality and relevance.

     

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    Protest music’s odd conservative turn

    A 100-track, four-CD Occupy collection assembles generations of icons. So why does it sound shapeless and safe?

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    Protest music's odd conservative turn

    “In this hour of the ever-changing season, may our tears not douse the fire in our hearts.”

    That’s a guy named Michael Pless singing “Something’s Got to Give.” Even without hearing the song, you can surely imagine the essential elements: Plaintive acoustic strumming, an earnest vocal, and an air of polite outrage to match the stilted syntax and hoary platitudes. Welcome to “Occupy This Album,” the collection of protest-minded songs released by Occupy Wall Street. Sprawling across four CDs and a slew of bonus digital tracks, this behemoth set includes 100 (why not 99?) new and previously released tracks from artists representing a range of generations, genres, backgrounds, settings, and styles. Folkies join hands with rappers; ominous post-rock marches alongside peppy radio pop. There’s spoken-word poetry, tribal percussion, earnest singer-songwriter fare. Even a bit of jazz.

    Especially with Occupy reaching a crossroads in summer 2012 — a time when it needs to reassess its ideals, its accomplishments, its methods and its artifacts — “Occupy This Album” plays like a state-of-the-field survey of the protest song. From Jeff Mangum covering the Minutemen to the anonymous drum circles that soundtracked the demonstrations in real time, music has been a constant presence in the movement, although it’s not quite clear what role it has played. The new album portrays a movement with a broad scope and an admirably varied constituency, but the same criticisms that have been leveled against Occupy can also be applied to “Occupy This Album:” There is general unease but no clear direction forward. There is outrage but no plan. There is deep feeling but no clear message.

    Ostensibly, there should be something on “Occupy This Album” for everyone to love, but that also means there is more than enough here for everyone to hate. It’s an unwieldy tracklist, almost daring you play it front to back. Of course, it’s pointless to review a 100-track release the same way you would approach a studio album, where functionality and some sense of logical progression are crucial. But there’s no consistent development of political or musical ideas weaving these songs together, nothing to link them or to justify this particular sequencing. As a result, “Occupy This Album” cannot make a statement as an album. In one sense, this release mirrors the leaderless ethos of the movement, which stridently preserves the democracy of the demonstrations. While that idea has certainly energized the Occupy protest, it makes for an amorphous blob of music and a messy, often frustrating listening experience.

    But they mean well, right? It’s a charity album after all, with each disc sold separately and with all proceeds benefiting Occupy directly. You’d probably be better off contributing directly to the cause and just making your own mix of politically minded music. You might even have some of these songs in your iTunes already, although why you’d want to include Lucinda Williams’ drippy “Blessed” or Mogwai’s interchangeable “Earth Division” is beyond me.

    The music that actually is new — that purports to find direct inspiration in either the righteousness of the demonstrators or the plight of the 99 percent — is generally unimaginative, hokey, disappointingly safe. Most of these artists address these economic issues either through narrative or through high-minded rhetoric. The latter produces the most lackluster results: Jackson Browne’s “Which Side Are You On?” which he has been touting for several months now, turns out to be political white noise, a gentle fist bump to the like-minded that barely puts across either side of the debate. At least it’s better than My Pet Dragon’s epiphany on “Love Anthem”: “Only love can save us now.” To their credit, they sing it like they might actually believe it.

    The storytellers have more success, if only because they’re willing to entertain a bit more grit, a bit less blind hope. Featuring Joan Baez and Steve Earle, James McMurtry’s “We Can’t Make It Here” sounds downright curmudgeonly as it surveys the state of the working class in an economy that regularly sends its manufacturing jobs overseas. The song, however, goes a bit overboard when the trio decry litterbugs and graffiti artists.

    One of the true standouts among these 100 tracks is Richard Barone’s ditty “Can I Sleep on Your Futon?” about a veteran-turned-singer who couch-surfs from one generous soul to the next. The verses are specific and soulful, as through he’s derived them explicitly from lived experience, and in that regard, the song could function as commentary on the music biz. But Barone stumbles over that massively awkward chorus, “Can I sleep on your futon?” It’s hard to imagine a crowd of protesters singing along.

    If there is one overarching theme here, it is, vaguely, “history.” The past informs and even defines this music. Even the very idea of this type of compilations seems like a throwback to the CD’s heyday in the 1990s, when seemingly every charity, from NARAL to the Red Hot Organization, had its own release. It’s an impression reinforced by much of the music, especially hip-hop tracks by Born I Music and George Martinez & the Global Block Collective, whose lyrics and beats sound like they were scavenged from 1994. (For a better example of how hip-hop can address political themes, check out Killer Mike’s new track “Reagan.”)

    Of course, there is a lot of folk music on “Occupy This Album.” That style has proved one of the most politicized musical forms of the 20th century, as lefties in the 1930s and 1940s adopted labor songs as battle cries. Clean-scrubbed, buttoned-up folkies like the Kingston Trio had some chart success in the 1950s, but they were quickly rendered obsolete by the Village bohemians reimagining the music as a vehicle for countercultural sentiments. That’s the model so many Occupyers are reverently appropriating, never suspecting that it might not be a natural fit for 21st-century dissent. The folk revivalists of the 1960s drew from the past as well, but took pains to update the music to the times: The mere fact that Dylan wrote new songs in this old style was revolutionary, alienating an older generation of folkie purists.

    “Occupy This Album” obviously represents a counterculture, but too many of the artists are too caught up in role playing the past, which seems like an especially boomer enterprise. Michael Moore (yes, that Michael Moore) performs the most chipper version of “The Times They Are A-Changin’” imaginable, one that seems wholly unaware of the gritty realities of 2012, much less of 1964. (The less said about his skiffle version of the song, a hidden track on disc four, the better.) Perhaps the one artist who understands how to plumb history for present-day relevance is Loudon Wainwright III, whose wry “The Panic Is On” updates an 80-year-old tune originally penned by Hezekiah Jenkins (the cover originally appeared on Wainwright’s album “Ten Songs for the New Depression”). It’s an unusual artifact from the early 1930s, but there’s a sneaky observation about class disparity that sounds more disgusted and potent than anything else on the album.

    Perhaps the worst thing that can be said about “Occupy This Album” is that the music is deeply conservative. There are so few moments that grab your attention or make you see the world differently. When Occupy already seems to be in danger of losing momentum, it’s hard to say whether the movement has failed to inspire these artists or the artists have failed to document the movement.

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    Donna Summer: Disco diva and rocker

    If you only knew the singing sensation by her 1970s smashes, you barely knew her at all

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    Donna Summer: Disco diva and rocker

    There is so much about Donna Summer that we didn’t know… and not just the cancer that took her life. Let’s start with her relationship to rock. Summer is quite understandably known as a disco singer, and quite rightly so. It was disco that made her, and she, as perhaps disco’s highest profile performer, who helped to shape the genre. But like a number of other disco artists — Nile Rodgers and Bernard Edwards of Chic, the vocal trio Labelle and Chaka Khan all come to mind — Donna Summer was also a rocker. Yes, she grew up singing gospel, but she began her professional career as a ’60s rocker. She would describe this as her Janis Joplin phase, and she did indeed sing in a group that performed at the Psychedelic Supermarket — Boston’s version of Bill Graham’s Fillmore. She then went on to play a hippie in the Munich production of the rock musical “Hair,” and sported an enormous Afro inspired in large part by her hero, the black radical activist, Angela Davis. Although the disco music that she made with producers Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte, and engineer Harold Faltermeyer provoked a fierce backlash from some aficionados of rock, this was a foursome that, as critic Dave Mash pointed out, functioned as a rock band, one in which Summer played a pivotal role as singer and songwriter. And then there is her singing. Listen to her hit “Hot Stuff,” and tell me that Summer could not sing rock.

    Summer, who was strikingly beautiful, made some very steamy — some would say X-rated — music, most memorably with her first hit, 1975’s “Love to Love You Baby.” With Summer’s groans, moans and gasps powering the track, it broke new ground in its sexual explicitness. Promoted by her record company in explicitly sexual terms, and giving performances that made Tina Turner’s look tame, Summer soon found herself tagged the “Linda Lovelace of pop music.” She had seen this coming. In fact, she had not wanted to be the singer on that track, and agreed only to record the demo, and only then in a blackened studio where she sang, imagining that she was Marilyn Monroe giving herself over to orgasmic ecstasy. After producer Moroder convinced her to let him use her vocal, her record label president, seeing its bedroom potential, demanded a long-playing version that left the media debating whether the singer came 22 or 23 times. Rock critic Robert Christgau poked fun at the record with a review that consisted of three questions, “Did you come yet? Huh? Did you come yet?” Other reviews were more disparaging. But “Love to Love You Baby,” like much of her music, put female desire front and center in a way that it wasn’t in most rock music. Indeed, Summer’s music is inseparable from second-wave feminism’s emphasis on women’s sexual empowerment.

    There is so much to say about Summer, who could have been a full-fledged personality had she not been pigeon-holed and dismissed as a disco tart. I was once on a radio program with her and, believe me, she was nobody’s fool. She described the “star-making machinery” as well as anyone. After she had already became famous she told Rolling Stone that her career sometimes felt like “this monstrous, monstrous force, this whole production of people and props that you’re responsible for, by audiences and everything that rules you until you take it upon yourself to be a machine… And at some point a machine breaks down.” Fame, she observed, diminished her, making her feel like nothing so much as a “commodity.” After falling into a debilitating depression and attempting suicide, she took control of her life again through Christianity.

    In a way, I think one hears Summer confront her own commodification on her marvelous record “Bad Girls.” Although the music in the final, released version suggests otherwise, Summer isn’t celebrating prostitution on “Bad Girls.” Rather, she is confronting what she shares with those streetwalkers. “Now, you and me are just the same,” she sings.  And if Summer sounds unusually exuberant as she yells out to a john, “Hey, mista, have you got a dime?” perhaps it’s because Summer understood what it meant to be made into a commodity and reduced to a seductive whisper. Tellingly, in a television interview some years later, Summer noted that “Bad Girls” marked the moment when she stopped being an object and became a subject. Let’s hope that in her death she inspires more writing that fully acknowledges the intelligent subjecthood of this disco diva and kick-ass rock and roller.

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    Alice Echols, a professor of English, and the Barbra Streisand Chair of Contemporary Gender Studies at the University of Southern California, is the author of four books, including "“Hot Stuff: Disco and the Remaking of American Culture."

    Donna Summer, Queen of Disco, dies at 63

    The "Last Dance" singer passed away after a battle with cancer

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    Donna Summer, Queen of Disco, dies at 63

    NEW YORK (AP) — Disco queen Donna Summer, whose pulsing anthems such as “Last Dance,” ”Love to Love You Baby” and “Bad Girls” became the soundtrack for a glittery age of sex, drugs, dance and flashy clothes, has died. She was 63.

    Her family released a statement Thursday saying Summer died and that they “are at peace celebrating her extraordinary life and her continue legacy.”

    Summer gained prominence during the disco era of the 1970s, and released a number of albums that have reach gold or platinum status, including the multiplatinum “Bad Girls” and “On the Radio, Volume I & II.” Her No. 1 Billboard Hot 100 hits include “Hot Stuff” and “MacArthur Park.”

    Her sound was a mix of genres, and helped her earn Grammy Awards in the dance, rock, R&B and inspirational categories.

    She released her last album, “Crayons,” in 2008. She also performed on “American Idol” that year with its top female contestants.

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