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Mark-Paul Gosselaar talks “Saved by the Bell” lessons and how series “Found” opens a “Pandora’s box”

You're not alone if you were a teen or tween who swooned over Mark-Paul Gosselaar on "Saved by the Bell." Gosselaar, who played blond trickster Zack Morris on the Saturday morning show, has had a long and successful television career since the original "Saved by the Bell" wrapped up in 1992, afterward appearing in "NYPD Blue," "Raising the Bar," "Pitch" and many other shows. He joined Salon’s Alli Joseph recently to discuss his new series "Found," which airs Tuesday nights on NBC and also streams on Peacock. 

“'Found' is a procedural show about finding lost people,” says Gosselaar. “The main character is played by Shanola Hampton [of 'Shameless' fame]. She plays the character Gabi Mosely, and Gabi was abducted when she was 16.”  The show, while fictional, plays on a real statistic: of the 600,000 missing persons reports filed in the U.S. annually, 300,000 are people of color, and there is less attention paid to their disappearance than that of white people. There are also fewer efforts to find them.  

“That’s a staggering number that I don’t think the masses are aware of,” notes Gosselaar.  “You see, the media picks and chooses who should be found, and that’s not a system that works in our opinion. And so this is a show that gets the word out there and makes awareness. It doesn’t hit you over the head.  And if we can get that word out, then we’ve made an impact.”

In "Found," as often happens in real life, no one was looking for Gabi, and she escaped her captor Sir (Gosselaar) after a year of being held against her will. “Through her life, she made a mission to help people in her situation, people that didn’t have the funds or the means to be found, “ explains Gosselaar. Sir and Gabi have a complicated, mutually dependent relationship, which is revealed in a twist early in the series.

"Saved by the Bell," which gave Gosselaar an acting start and changed his plans of attending a Marine military academy, spawned sequel series and even a film. It is a testament to his skill and staying power, however, that Gosselaar branched out into more serious roles, and says even though the majority have fallen into the comedy genre, he still enjoys playing those characters. Either way, Gosselaar wants all of his roles to challenge him.

“Is this something I haven’t played before?” he asks himself. “Do I see myself doing this for many years? Every time I go onto a show, I want it to run for a minimum of five years, seven years.” You can watch my full "Salon Talks" interview with Gosselaar here or read a transcript of our conversation below. 

The following interview has been lightly edited for length and clarity.

What is “Found” about?

“Found” is a procedural show about finding lost people. The main character is played by Shanola Hampton. She plays the character Gabi Mosely, and Gabi was abducted when she was 16 and no one was looking for her and she escaped on her own about a year after captivity, and she made a life mission to help people that were in her situation, people that didn't have the funds or the means to be found. She was going to advocate for them through PR, which is her specialty, through people that were investigators, and people that could actually put the time and energy into people that, again, don't have the means to get the push to be found, which is sadly what you need in this current environment. 

I play her backstory. I play the guy that did abduct her, and the twist to it is that after she escaped, years later she kidnaps me.

Was that not a spoiler?

Did I just spoil it for you?

Well, not me. I watched it.

If I spoiled it for people, just go back. You can watch it on Peacock right now. It's OK. You'll still be surprised by it. It is that good. I think it's that well fleshed out that it still holds. 

You started out obviously doing a comedic show for older kids and teens, and then in the work that you've transitioned into is often a little bit more serious.

Not by choice because my last show that I did was for ABC, which was “Mixed-ish,” which is straight comedy. It was from the creators of “Black-ish.” It's never by choice of, "Oh, I need to do comedic. I need to do dramatic." It just so happens that things that come to me that I consider, it usually falls into, is it going to challenge me? Is this something I haven't played before? Do I see myself doing this for many years? I think every time I go onto a show, I want it to run for a minimum of five years.

Well, you had “Saved by the Bell” ran from what, '89 to '92?

Four years, the original show.

And then there were some spinoffs.

We did the original, which was “Miss Bliss,” which was only a year, then “Saved by the Bell,” which was four, and then the college years, which was one season. It feels like we did a lot of episodes. We only did a hundred in those four or five years, but it's been syndicated for so long that people think we did more than we actually did, and we were canceled every year. 

"Every time I go onto a show, I want it to run for a minimum of five years."

That's the funny thing about “Saved by the Bell” is that we never had a normal 22-episode season. It was like we would do 10, and then we would wrap and we'd have our wrap parties and say goodbye to each other, and that was the last time we'd see each other. We'd get called back by Brandon Tartikoff, because Brandon Tartikoff loved the series so much, his daughters actually loved the series, and we'd go back to filming maybe 13 this time. Then we'd have another wrap party, and then they would say, "Well, maybe we'll do beach episodes," and we'd do the beach episodes and then we'd have spinoffs, not spinoffs, but movie-of-the-weeks. This happened for four years, but because of syndication, which started in '96, it's just been running for all these years and it just finds a new generation of viewers.

So that's good for you.

Not really, because it was a Saturday morning show. You would think that I was able to buy these nice clothes with the residual money that we did on the show. That is not true. It was a Saturday morning show. We probably had one of the worst deals in history. You live and you learn.

I did read about that. And in fact, I read that your esteemed producer, who cast you and wanted your character to be this mischievous guy who pranked people but was still lovable and you wanted to like him, that you couldn't get some of the actors back because of these breaks in filming because they had committed to other things. So that's an unusual trajectory.

Back in the day, you stayed in your lane. If you were a TV actor, you didn't branch off and do film. You were a TV actor. Nowadays, that line has been blurred, and it's so good for the actors, it's so good for people who are creative to be able to do film, television, theater, music, commercials. You were frowned upon if you did a commercial back in the day. Like, "Why would you do a commercial? You're actually on TV. You're taking a step down." Now, you're just able to do whatever you want.

"I decided to become an actor full-time and give up my hopes and dreams of becoming a football player."

Because I was a television actor, I wasn't being considered for films, so after a season would end, I'd just go back to my normal school. I went to a normal public school and I would just hang out with my normal friends and waited to get another call. It wasn't until I was about 19 that we finished the high school years and I got an offer for the primetime college years, and that was in primetime and that was real money. That was primetime money. That's where I made a decision, "Oh, this is my career, I think. This is where I think I'm going to find myself." That was in '93, '94. From there, I decided to become an actor full-time and give up my hopes and dreams of becoming a football player.

That was the dream?

Yeah. Actually, right before “Saved by the Bell,” the reason why my hair was short and blonde was because I was going to a Marine military academy. I wanted to go to this Marine military academy, I thought I was going to become a Marine, an officer, and I was going to a camp in Harlingen, Texas and I came back, my head was shaved, my hair was starting to grow out, my mom put in blonde highlights and then I auditioned for Zack, and they said, "We love that look." Then I had to dye my hair for the five, six years that we were doing “Saved by the Bell.”

And then again in the spinoffs?

Yeah, I was still dyeing it to stay in character.

What about if you do another one now?

I wore a wig for the reboot. There was no way I was going to dye my hair. I'm trying to hold on to as much hair as I have.

Let's get back to “Found” for a minute. I watched a number of episodes, and I do think it's really important to note that of the 600,000 missing persons per year, 300,000 I read are people of color, and that seems to have been the true impetus for this show. Can you talk about what that means to you and why this series is important?

Well, the obvious, to get the word out there. That's a staggering number that I don't think the masses are aware of. We all see it in media. You see the media picks and chooses who should be found, and that's not a system that works, in our opinion. This is a show that gets the word out there and makes awareness. It doesn't hit you over the head. We're not trying to clobber you over the head with each show — just trying to make you aware. If we can get that word out, then we've made an impact.

Then you have my side of the show, which is the backstory and the twist of it all, which was, for me, when I received the script for “Found,” that was the first thing I read. Of course, you're going to read the part that you're being offered. I read that and I thought, “This is interesting for a network show. Where does this all lead to?” And then I read the rest of the script and was pleasantly surprised how the procedural was weaved into this very complex backstory and thought it was an interesting twist for a procedural on a network. It hasn't been done before, so I was very interested in that.

I want to hear a little bit about Sir, your character.

We find out why Sir is called Sir in an upcoming episode. It was pretty interesting. I won't give that away. See, there's a twist I won't give away for you.

OK, thank you.

But there is a reason why he goes by the name Sir, and it stems from his childhood.

It is clear about Sir and Gabi that they have a very unusual relationship. It's disturbing, at least on the outside, and perhaps we'll learn even more down the road. What made you want to portray a guy like this who is a kidnapper and is creepy and, some would say, depraved?

On the surface, there's nothing redeemable about this character. I could have played it in a way where it was very one-sided because in my eyes an individual like Sir is pretty black and white. But that's the challenge. So that's the challenge for me as an actor, is how can I portray this character and possibly make the viewer question their alliances and how they feel about this relationship that he has with Gabi? I think it's worked. It's an experiment that we're going through. 

"I'm also looking for the time where I don't have to work so hard and I can just go, 'I'm going to take a few years off, watch my kids grow, and spend all this time with my lovely wife.'"

From some of the social interactions that Shanola, my co-star, has told me, there's a lot of people that are questioning this relationship and wanting to see them together in a weird way, which says a lot about the individuals. I think people are struggling with they like to see them together, but they know it's wrong. It opens up a whole Pandora's box, which, to me, as an actor and as a storyteller, that's what you want when you're doing a project. I like things that live in the gray on film, so I'm all for what people are experiencing on this show.

It is an interesting dynamic. I was feeling a little mutual Stockholm syndrome. Is that fair to say?

Sure, but again, Shanola and I have talked about this, our scenes in the present, not in the past. In the past it was very one-sided, Sir was in control of that relationship and he dictated what happened in that space. The space that we're operating in now where Gabi is using Sir to help solve some of her cases has created this power dynamic, where who's in control? Does he want to be there or is she keeping him there? There's this constant struggle of who is in power, and that's fun to watch and that's fun for us to play while we're filming because we actually don't know. When you read the scripts, you're interpreting what the writers give you, but it's not always so clear. It isn't until we're actually filming it and we're playing off of each other that you start finding these little nuances, and hopefully that comes across on screen.

You said you always hope for a five-season show, and that is not often how things go.

Because financially, I just want to retire. I feel like there's a very finite timeline for television careers. I would love to have a long career, but I'm also looking for the time where I don't have to work so hard and I can just go, "I'm going to take a few years off, watch my kids grow, and spend all this time with my lovely wife and just travel." I think I'd be fine with that.

I think I would because I've been in it for so long. If you look at my career, I've been in it for a while, but I really haven't had the shows that have had those legs. When I came on “NYPD Blue,” I got four years out of it. They did 12. But I came on the tail end when everything was starting to get cut. They were trying to extend the show, so they cut the licensing fees and all these things. I didn't get in there when it was real meaty and good, so I'm looking for still that show that has the legs, and I think found my pin. Fingers crossed.

So when they give you the script at the head of the season, you read the whole season?

No. And that's the other thing. That's the other thing too. That's a leap of faith. I was thinking about this the other day, is it's really tough what we do on television as an actor because I don't know what the season's going to look like. NK, our showrunner, Nkechi Carroll, she gave me a brief synopsis of where she was going to take [it], but not the details really of what was going to happen week to week to week. You get these scripts, and I'm just as shocked as, I guess, an audience member would be when they see it.

We read these scripts and sometimes we're just floored by what's going to happen in that episode. You wish you had that information to shape what you did in the previous episode, and you just don't. Sometimes you wish you can go back in time because now you have this ammunition that you could have used. It is a difficult process for television, but I think we do the best we can. It is a tough thing to do, to have this arc through the season that you have no idea where it's going to go.

Well, I hope you get five.

I would love to. I want seven. How about seven? Or eight. Let's just keep going. Let's just do the “SVU” thing where they just have 20 or so. Mariska Hargitay, and then Chris Meloni comes back.

Then your retirement will be so prolonged.

It's OK though. I'm down for it. Listen, kids, what island do you want? I just bought that one. Do you want that island? It's OK, we'll just buy that.

Speaking of kids, you're a dad of four.

I'm a dad of four. I got to buy islands for all my kids. That's the plan.

All right, so with your kids, any tips? You said a little bit earlier before we started rolling that every day is like a log roll, that's what I call it, and you don't know. You just lay in bed and think about the things . . .

All the things you did wrong.

I thought you were going to encourage me, because you have four and I have two.

All I can say is there is no right or wrong. We're all doing our best, and that's why the thing is . . . I'm not on social, but I do read, and you hear about celebrities because they put it out there with their kids and stuff and they're the faces, and they tell these stories and they're proud of their families or whatever, and people skewer them for things that they do. I just feel like you're not in their shoes, and there's no handbook for raising kids. Give everybody the benefit of the doubt. We're all trying to do our best. We're all trying to be good people, and raising a child is one of the hardest things.

What my wife does when I have to go to Atlanta and work for six months out of the year and I'm away, what my wife does I couldn't do. I have so much respect for people who that's what they do, is raising their children. Fathers that have to work and come back. It's all not easy. It's a blessing to have children, but you also know it's one of the hardest things in life you have ever been given the opportunity to do.

Mark-Paul, I might not make it, I'm just saying.

Keep that rifle dry. That's all you're doing, is keeping it above water. 

You brought it back to your military roots, I like it. Look at that. Look what he did there. Just brought it right back.

Just keep it dry. The gunpowder has to stay dry, and you're good to go. You're not alone either, because we're all going through this.

I'll think of that next time.

And it never ends.

"Dad, my island is flooding."

"Can you come over here and fix it?" I just bought you an island.

Bring the bilge pump.

And you know what? As a parent, you'll do it, because that's what we do.

I had children in my 30s and I had so much more energy in my 20s, but I was nowhere near, I had no capacity to be, but I probably would've been a much more fun dad in my 20s than I am, and even in my 40s and stuff like that. But it's like, what are you going to do? You just do the best you can. You're a great parent. That's all that matters. And just think about it, I'll leave you with this: Even the worst parents, their kids still love them. Just don't be a bad parent though. Don't use that as an excuse. But I'm just saying, you can sit in bed late at night and go, "I really screwed up that day," your kids still love you though.

“This is all from his own mouth”: Maggie Haberman previews Trump’s alarming second term plot

New York Times reporter and CNN commentator Maggie Haberman on Monday underscored what former President Donald Trump plans to do if elected president in 2024. “What are you hearing from sources on what would be different in a second Trump term in terms of, not just Trump himself, but who’s around him and what those efforts to enact his policy ambitions look like?” CNN's Kaitlan Collins asked Habermann, who observed that Trump plans to have a "real special prosecutor" target President Joe Biden and his family.  “He is saying a number of things that he is planning,” she said. “He has a policy staff that is working on a very, very radical immigration plan. It’s not that dissimilar from What Trump was talking about in 2016. He has outside groups that are working on efforts to try to, not just staff a second administration, but help him gut the civil service and to try to take greater control over pockets of authority– of independence within the government.”

“So, this is all from his own mouth and/or from his close allies or his advisers,” Haberman continued. “And this is what would happen next time. And he’d be walking into a presidency with a weakened Congress, with the people who have been the most opposed to him in his own party, such as Liz Cheney, not in her seat anymore, Mitt Romney leaving, going down the list. There were not many of them, and they are basically gone because he has bent the party to his will and he has a supermajority of conservatives on the Supreme Court, which could change things. as well.”

Wildfire smoke threatens to undo improvements on air pollution, study finds

Wildfires across the world are becoming more severe in strength and harder to control. As a result, a new study suggests that smoke pollution from these intense wildfires could threaten to undo years of improvements on air quality in the United States and have negative health consequences. A new study published in The Lancet Planetary Health calculated the toll of wildfires on air quality and human health across the United States between 2000 and 2020. In the study, researchers looked at black carbon concentrations and premature death estimates from satellite data and 500 land-based stations that monitor air quality across the country. While data typically lacks in rural areas, the researchers employed a “deep learning” technique to produce accurate predictions in those areas and fill in the gaps. Through this process, they were able to rely on a formula that calculated premature deaths by using metrics like average lifespan, black carbon exposure and population density.

In the Western part of the U.S., where wildfires have become more intense, the scientists concluded that air quality has worsened due to an increase in severe wildfires over the last two decades. As a result, they estimate that there’s been an increase in 670 premature deaths per year between 2000 and 2020. Black carbon concentrations, which have been linked to respiratory and heart disease, has increased by 55 percent each year due to wildfires.

“Our air is supposed to be cleaner and cleaner due mostly to EPA regulations on emissions, but the fires have limited or erased these air-quality gains,” said lead author Jun Wang in a media statement. “In other words, all the efforts for the past 20 years by the EPA to make our air cleaner basically have been lost in fire-prone areas and downwind regions.”

And it’s not just in the West. The researchers said the air quality in the Midwest has also been affected, but fortunately, the health impacts are minimal. The eastern region of the U.S. had no major declines in air quality, according to the study.

John Fetterman pays George Santos to record Cameo video to troll “ethically challenged” colleague

Sen. John Fetterman, D-Pa., took the opportunity to drag recently indicted Sen. Bob Menendez, D-N.J., by asking former Rep. George Santos, R-N.Y. to record a video addressed to him on Cameo, an app the disgraced former lawmaker joined after his expulsion that allows people to pay celebrities for personalized videos. Menendez was criminally charged in September with federal charges of bribery and corruption, while Santos was overwhelmingly expelled from Congress on Friday following after a House Ethics Committee report released last month that determined there was “substantial evidence” that Santos had broken federal law. In May, Santos was indicted on 23 federal counts accusing him of defrauding donors, stealing from his campaign and lying to Congress. Both Santos and Menendez have pleaded not guilty.

“Hey Bobby! Look, I don’t think I need to tell you, but these people that want to make you get in trouble and want to kick you out and make you run away, you make them put up or shut up,” Santos said on the video. “You stand your ground, sir, and don’t get bogged down by all the haters out there. Stay strong. Merry Christmas." Fetterman shared the video on X, writing, "I thought my ethically-challenged colleague @BobMenendezNJ could use some encouragement given his substantial legal problems. So, I approached a seasoned expert on the matter to give ‘Bobby from Jersey’ some advice." NBC reported that Fetterman was the first Democratic senator to call for Menendez to resign, with more than half the Democratic caucus following suit. When asked about the video, Menendez told NBC "I don’t think Mr. Clickbait’s donors would appreciate him enriching George Santos. I’m surprised he didn’t ask his parents for the money." Business Insider reported that Fetterman paid Santos $343 to troll Menendez. 

“Chilling moment”: Liz Cheney says she secretly listened to phone call revealing Trump’s Jan. 6 plot

Former Rep. Liz Cheney, R-Wyo., in her upcoming book "Oath and Honor," disclosed the moment she learned of former President Donald Trump's plot to paint his loss of the 2020 presidential election as fraudulent, calling it "a very dangerous and chilling moment." MSNBC's Rachel Maddow read an excerpt from the book, detailing a phone call made two days before the deadly Capitol attacks in which the former president's legal team allegedly discussed the fake elector scheme. Cheney, who noted that Trump's attorneys were unaware that she was listening in on the call, also observed that former Vice President Mike Pence was acting in cooperation with the plans at that time. 

“Listening to them describe how these fake electors were going to be used and the fact that they anticipated that Vice President Pence was gonna use them to refuse to count the legitimate electors was certainly a moment of intense concern,” Cheney wrote, also noting that she fled to the House parliamentarian after the call concluded to try and halt the plan. “It was very clear that there were not a lot of good answers to that,” Cheney added. The former legislator observed that Pence "ultimately of course did his duty bravely," writing that she soon learned he was also speaking to the Senate parliamentarian. Pence would also eventually testify before a grand jury investigating Trump's attempts to overturn the 2020 election. 

Americans are sleepwalking into a Trump dictatorship

Donald Trump’s devolution into an American dictator who believes that he is on a mission from God as some type of chosen one continues. This is mentally pathological behavior on a massive level. His Hitler-like behavior is only going to get worse as next year’s presidential election approaches and the pressure from his criminal and civil trials increases.

Trump’s behavior is not isolated to him, it is important to note. He is the leader of a political cult movement and controls the Republican Party.

On Saturday, Trump gave two speeches in Iowa to his MAGA faithful. In Ankeny, Trump continued to advance his Big Lie that the 2020 election was “stolen” from him and his MAGA people. During that same speech, Trump continued with his white supremacist threats and plans to end multiracial democracy, by telling his followers that they should go to Democrat-led (meaning majority black and brown) cities and other communities to “protect” the vote on Election Day 2024. The implication here is clear: these (white) Trumpists, in a replay of Jim Crow and the Black Codes are to use the threat of force to keep black and brown people from exercising their Constitutionally guaranteed right to vote. Trump is basically trying to incite widespread violence on Election Day 2024:

The most important part of what is coming up is to guard the vote, and you should go into Detroit, Philadelphia, and some of these places, Atlanta, and you should go into some of these places, and we have to watch those votes….

Watch those votes when they come in, when they’re being, you know, shoved around in wheelbarrows and dumped on the floor and everyone’s saying what’s going on?….We’re like a third world nation, a third world nation. And we can’t let it happen….

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During a speech in Cedar Rapids that took place later in the day, Trump anointed himself as being handpicked by God and a vessel of divine will. As Salon's Heather "Digby" Parton wrote, "Trump unveiled a new 'I know you are but what am I' campaign strategy over the weekend by attacking President Joe Biden as 'the destroyer of American democracy.'":

 The claim is ludicrous, of course. Trump's the one who attempted to overturn the election and incited a violent mob to storm the capitol and stop the certification of the election. There is no greater example of democracy destruction than that. But he said it and it wasn't off the cuff. They passed out placards before the rally that said, "Biden attacks Democracy" and flashed the words on a big screen above him as he said it. 

“But I think if you had a real election and Jesus came down and God came down and said, ‘I’m going to be the scorekeeper here,’ I think we’d win there [in California], I think we’d win in Illinois, and I think we’d win in New York," Trump told his gathered MAGA troops.

Trump’s behavior is not isolated to him, it is important to note. He is the leader of a political cult movement and controls the Republican Party.

Trump is telling his followers what they want to desperately believe. Public opinion, focus groups, and other research repeatedly show that a significant percentage of White Christians see Trump as a prophetic figure who is a tool for their “God” to make America a White Christian nation.

In the same speech in Cedar Rapids, Trump, in a rare moment, told the truth about his and the neofascist movement’s plans to end American democracy: “We've been waging an all-out war on (in) democracy." This was not a gaffe or error given the context of Trump’s behavior and threats for the last seven years, including a coup attempt and the Big Lie.

Two recent news articles are continuing to sound the alarm very loudly even as too many Americans, specifically members of the political class and news media, are waking up too late to stop what feels like a repeat of 2016 and what will be an even worse disaster for the country and world on Election Day if Trump returns to power.

A new essay in the Economist asks: Is Donald Trump the most dangerous threat to the world in 2024?

This is a perilous moment for a man like Mr Trump to be back knocking on the door of the Oval Office. Democracy is in trouble at home. Mr Trump’s claim to have won the election in 2020 was more than a lie: it was a cynical bet that he could manipulate and intimidate his compatriots, and it has worked. America also faces growing hostility abroad, challenged by Russia in Ukraine, by Iran and its allied militias in the Middle East and by China across the Taiwan Strait and in the South China Sea. Those three countries loosely co-ordinate their efforts and share a vision of a new international order in which might is right and autocrats are secure.

Because maga Republicans have been planning his second term for months, Trump 2 would be more organised than Trump 1. True believers would occupy the most important positions. Mr Trump would be unbound in his pursuit of retribution, economic protectionism and theatrically extravagant deals. No wonder the prospect of a second Trump term fills the world’s parliaments and boardrooms with despair. But despair is not a plan. It is past time to impose order on anxiety.

The greatest threat Mr Trump poses is to his own country. Having won back power because of his election-denial in 2020, he would surely be affirmed in his gut feeling that only losers allow themselves to be bound by the norms, customs and self-sacrifice that make a nation. In pursuing his enemies, Mr Trump will wage war on any institution that stands in his way, including the courts and the Department of Justice.

Yet a Trump victory next year would also have a profound effect abroad.

The Economist then emphasizes how Trump would weaken the global order by withdrawing from NATO, ending support for Ukraine which would advance the cause of Putin and the global antidemocracy movement, make poor choices that could expand the war in the Middle East, and perhaps even embolden China to become even more aggressive in the region (perhaps going so far as to (finally) invade Taiwan) as America’s key allies in Asia acquire nuclear weapons because they have to fill in the power vacuum created by an American withdrawal.

The Economist concludes, “A second Trump term would be a watershed in a way the first was not. Victory would confirm his most destructive instincts about power. His plans would encounter less resistance. And because America will have voted him in while knowing the worst, its moral authority would decline. The election will be decided by tens of thousands of voters in just a handful of states. In 2024 the fate of the world will depend on their ballots.”

The Economist is not some “left-wing” publication, rag sheet, or click bait content farm. It is a solidly conservative, respectable, and institutionalist publication that has been published, in one form or another, since 1843.


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In a powerful, if not devastating, new essay at the Washington Post, neoconservative Robert Kagan pleads with the American people and their responsible leaders to stop Dictator Trump.

Kagan’s article is some six thousand words long. He writes with such clarity and force that it is as though he knows, given the realities of Trump and his allied forces’ threats to end the First Amendment and the Constitution, rubbleize the rule of law, and put his “enemies” in jail or worse, that he, like other pro-democracy voices, is on borrowed time. When Dictator Trump takes power, what will happen? Kagan warns:

Having answered the question of whether Trump can win, we can now turn to the most urgent question: Will his presidency turn into a dictatorship? The odds are, again, pretty good.

It is worth getting inside Trump’s head a bit and imagining his mood following an election victory. He will have spent the previous year, and more, fighting to stay out of jail, plagued by myriad persecutors and helpless to do what he likes to do best: exact revenge. Think of the fury that will have built up inside him, a fury that, from his point of view, he has worked hard to contain. As he once put it, “I think I’ve been toned down, if you want to know the truth. I could really tone it up.” Indeed he could — and will. We caught a glimpse of his deep thirst for vengeance in his Veterans Day promise to “root out the Communists, Marxists, Fascists, and Radical Left Thugs that live like vermin within the confines of our Country, lie, steal, and cheat on Elections, and will do anything possible, whether legally or illegally, to destroy America, and the American Dream.” Note the equation of himself with “America and the American Dream.” It is he they are trying to destroy, he believes, and as president, he will return the favor….

But that’s just the start. After all, Trump will not be the only person seeking revenge. His administration will be filled with people with enemies’ lists of their own, a determined cadre of “vetted” officials who will see it as their sole, presidentially authorized mission to “root out” those in the government who cannot be trusted. Many will simply be fired, but others will be subject to career-destroying investigations. The Trump administration will be filled with people who will not need explicit instruction from Trump, any more than Hitler’s local gauleiters needed instruction. In such circumstances, people “work toward the Führer,” which is to say, they anticipate his desires and seek favor through acts they think will make him happy, thereby enhancing their own influence and power in the process.

Kagan’s conclusion:

A paralyzing psychology of appeasement has also been at work. At each stage, the price of stopping Trump has risen higher and higher…. But wait until Trump returns to power and the price of opposing him becomes persecution, the loss of property and possibly the loss of freedom. Will those who balked at resisting Trump when the risk was merely political oblivion suddenly discover their courage when the cost might be the ruin of oneself and one’s family?

We are closer to that point today than we have ever been, yet we continue to drift toward dictatorship, still hoping for some intervention that will allow us to escape the consequences of our collective cowardice, our complacent, willful ignorance and, above all, our lack of any deep commitment to liberal democracy. As the man said, we are going out not with a bang but a whimper.

In an interview with CBS on Sunday, former Rep. Liz Cheney warned that the American people are “sleepwalking into dictatorship” if they elect Donald Trump in 2024. Cheney, like too many other members of the political class and news media who still believe in the myth of American exceptionalism and the inherent goodness of the “average" American, has committed a fundamental error in her assumptions and therefore conclusion. In reality, there are tens of millions of (white) Americans who know exactly what Trump represents and want him to be president again. Trump is a weapon for their rage, anger, resentment, destructive impulses, cruelty, and desires to hurt the people they despise. These Americans are not asleep, tricked, bamboozled, conned, or somehow not aware of what they are doing and the implications of such collective evil and meanness. American fascism as a force and idea, and the fascists and authoritarians and others who are attracted to such politics and vision, are very real – and denying that fact will not save this country or its democracy and future. They know the evil that they do and are doing it with their eyes wide open.

“Clueless”: Legal analyst says Trump lawyers screwed up request for expedited gag order appeal

A New York appellate court on Monday denied former President Donald Trump’s request to expedite his appeal of gag orders in the New York fraud trial.

“The application for interim relief seeking expedited grant of leave to the Court of Appeals is denied, as such a motion must be decided by a full panel of this court,” Justice Sallie Manzanet-Daniels wrote in an order.

An appeals court last week reinstated two gag orders in the case barring Trump and his attorney from commenting on Judge Arthur Engoron’s principal law clerk and court staff.

The court’s clerk notified Trump attorneys Christopher Kise and Clifford Robert that New York Attorney General Letitia James must have the opportunity to respond by Monday, Dec. 11, at the earliest, which is the same day Trump is scheduled to be called to testify and the defense case is expected to end, according to The Messenger’s Adam Klasfeld.

MSNBC legal analyst Lisa Rubin said the denial came during a “weird” day in court on Monday that reminded her of a scene in the film “Clueless” in which Alicia Silverstone’s character Cher “fails her driver’s license test miserably, but asks whether there is someone above him with whom she can speak.”

“The examiner’s response is, ‘Girlie, as far as you are concerned, I am the messiah of the DMV.’ I was reminded of that scene watching Team Trump in the clerk’s office today,” she tweeted.

Despite Trump’s testimony being scheduled for December 11, Trump’s lawyers did not appeal the November 30 order until Monday “and even then, they did not get the procedure right, asking a single judge to essentially overrule a four-judge panel,” Rubin explained.

“And when told repeatedly there was nothing they could do to expedite either of their two imagined avenues for relief before 12/11, they were visibly frustrated a la Clueless. Surely, you are not the last word on this, they seemed to suggest to the court attorney,” she wrote.

The court clerk was not the last word as Justice Manzanet-Daniels ultimately signed the order. “But the thrust of what the court attorney told the parties from the counter of the clerk’s office remained true: Without the consent of the AG’s office and given their own delay, there was no getting a hearing earlier than next Monday,” she added. “As Cher might say, ‘Oops. Their bad.’”

Rubin in an appearance on MSNBC explained that Trump appears to be focused on the gag orders because he wants someone to “blame” if he loses the trial.

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Trump’s team has repeatedly complained about Engoron’s clerk passing him notes and accused her of being disrespectful and biased and his lawyers “would say they're entitled to make a record prior to the appeal and basically memorialize what they see as these biases while the trial is going on,” Rubin explained. “I'm not sure why it is that during the course of this trial he needs to be able to say that. It would seem to me they've already preserved their objection to that on appeal. They can continue to do that once the appeal starts. But to them, they are characterizing this as a matter of poor political speech.”

Rubin said that the “politics of this says everything.”


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“This is a core political speech act, according to them, and he has a right to defend himself against her political bias,” she said. “But really what this is about, is about appealing to their base and being able to blame what they see is the likely outcome of this trial on someone else, and chiefly the judge's principal law clerk."

“Can’t even bring themselves to denounce neo-Nazis”: Texas GOP’s internal war over Hitler apologists

Don't hang out with people who praise Adolf Hitler! It should seem like an easy guideline for anyone to follow, as well as the personal preference of most people. But for Republicans in Texas, asking them to stay away from neo-Nazis is seen very differently. To conspiratorially-minded conservatives, it is a "Marxist" plot against them. Which is why, on Saturday, leaders of the Republican Party of Texas voted down a resolution barring members from associating with anyone "known to espouse or tolerate antisemitism, pro-Nazi sympathies or Holocaust denial." 

Texas House Speaker Dade Phelan declared that this was no "casual misstep" but a sign "of the moral, political rot that has been festering in a certain segment of our party." 

That that this even had to be put up for a vote is a sign that the "don't pal around with Nazis" rule is viewed by many in the Texas Republican Party as too onerous a restriction. This entire situation started in October when it was revealed that Jonathan Stickland, a former state representative and current leader of the Defend Texas Liberty PAC, held a 7-hour meeting with some of the most repugnant people in American society, including Nick Fuentes, a loudmouthed Hitler apologist who has called for "holy war" on Jews and declared, "all I want is revenge against my enemies and a total Aryan victory." Matt Rinaldi, the chair of the Republican Party of Texas, was also seen entering the building during this time but denies being at the meeting, despite being an outspoken ally of Stickland and his far-right agenda. 

The discovery of this meeting with Fuentes, who denies the history of the Holocaust and has declared it a "good thing" to be compared to Hitler, caused an uproar at the Texas Capitol, which has a strong Republican majority. Texas House Speaker Dade Phelan declared that this was no "casual misstep" but a sign "of the moral, political rot that has been festering in a certain segment of our party." 

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It shouldn't be controversial to denounce, as Phelan did, "the tacit endorsement of such vile ideologies" as Nazism. But from the get-go, his "Nazis bad" stance has drawn Phelan grief from other Republicans in the state. Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick, while claiming to oppose Fuentes, nonetheless saved his real anger for Phelan, calling on the speaker to resign after revealing this bold "no Nazis" stance. Other leaders, including Rinaldi, decided they would rather have a semantic debate over terms like "tolerate" and "anti-semitism" than face the uncomfortable question of why one needs to take 7-hour meetings with a Holocaust denier. During the referendum on whether or not to bar members from bro-ing down with Nazis, many Republicans saw leftist plots in even being asked to ponder the question, as the Texas Tribune reports

In at-times tense debate on Saturday, members argued that words like “tolerate” or “antisemitism” were too vague or subjective. The ban, some argued, was akin to “Marxist” and “leftist” tactics, and would create guilt by association that could be problematic for the party, its leaders and candidates.

“It could put you on a slippery slope,” said committee member Dan Tully.

After all, Donald Trump has himself had dinner with Nick Fuentes. If the head of their party thinks dining with Hitler apologists is okay, who are they to argue? 

Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick, while claiming to oppose Fuentes, nonetheless saved his real anger for Phelan, calling on the speaker to resign after revealing this bold "no Nazis" stance.

Phelan was exasperated after the vote. On Twitter, he groused that the committee "can’t even bring themselves to denounce neo-Nazis and Holocaust deniers."

That Stickland would go there with Fuentes is sadly not surprising. His entire career in Texas politics has been about right-wing trolling, often geared at fellow Republicans he deems not far enough to the right. When he was a legislator, Stickland hung a sign that read "Former Fetus" outside his office, which he intended as an anti-abortion statement, a reading less apparent to those who know of his career. He also defended marital rape on Facebook, writing, "Rape is non existent in marriage, take what you want my friend!”

Stickland's grossness goes beyond cheap tricks, however. He's long been the face of a billionaire-backed effort to paint the current Texas GOP as somehow too "liberal" and force them as far to the right as possible. Billionaire brothers Dan and Farris Wilks, for instance, have been pouring money, much of it through the Defend Texas Liberty PAC, into the unsubtle goal of reforming the already far-right state into a Christian nationalist theocracy. This is no exaggeration, as Farris Wilks has been recorded arguing for the destruction of "the secular religion of man" and instead calling for Americans to "submit to Elohim, who has the right to give us laws and commandments to follow since he is the one who created us." He's viciously homophobic, as well, claiming, "this lifestyle is a predatorial lifestyle in that they need your children and straight people having kids to fulfill their sexual habits." He's described modern society as "not a sexual revolution particular to our own enlightened age, but it's a return to pre-Christian pagan sexual immorality or perversion," and argued that "our country died that Tuesday night" that Barack Obama was elected president. 

After all, Donald Trump has himself had dinner with Nick Fuentes. If the head of their party thinks dining with Hitler apologists is okay, who are they to argue? 

The Wilks are a major source of funding for Republicans, including Sen. Ted Cruz, in Texas. They also have some, um, interesting views of Jews of their own. Farris Wilks is a pastor of the Assembly of Yahweh (7th Day Adventist) church, which openly appropriates Jewish identity to justify Wilks's esoteric but extremely authoritarian views on religion. (For instance, women are not allowed to speak in church.) As right-wing researcher Peter Montgomery explained in the American Prospect, "It combines biblical literalism with a heavy emphasis on the Old Testament: The church celebrates its Sabbath on Saturday, follows the dietary rules laid down in Leviticus, and celebrates Jewish holidays but not 'the religious holidays of the Gentiles,' which include 'Christmas, Easter, Valentine's Day, White Sunday, Good Friday, and Halloween.'"

(Yes, for all the GOP's moaning about the fictional liberal "war on Christmas," they play handmaiden to this billionaire who literally forbids the holiday.)


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As Jay Michaelson at the Forward wrote, the church uses "the trappings of Jewish observance," including a "shofar blast," a menorah in their log, and sermons featuring Wilks using — and often butchering — Hebrew words. Michaelson is understandably made uncomfortable by all this, writing, "I might join in an Assembly of Yahweh attempt to sing 'Hinei Ma Tov.' But I also know they want to put people like me in jail." (Michaelson is gay.) 

All of this underscores what the likely concerns of the 32 Texas GOP leaders who voted against this resolution. They might be willing to cut Fuentes loose. After all, even Trump hasn't (as far as we know) dined with his young Holocaust-denying companion again. But a lot of the billionaires they look to for funding and support have some troubling views and intellectual fascinations of their own that might be challenging under the proposed bar on those who "espouse or tolerate antisemitism, pro-Nazi sympathies or Holocaust denial."

What about Harlan Crow, the billionaire benefactor of Clarence Thomas, who collects Nazi memorabilia? Among Crow's prized possessions are two paintings by Hitler, a signed copy of "Mein Kampf" and an array of swastika-festooned home decor.

Then there's Elon Musk, the tech CEO who recently praised a tweet claiming "Jewish communties" [sic] push "the dialectical hatred against whites." Musk has been a hero to the right since he took over Twitter, unbanning thousands of accounts that had previously been removed for disinformation and bigotry, including many Nazi-linked accounts. And, of course, there's Trump himself, who has been speaking of Americans who disagree with him as "vermin" to "root out," language the Washington Post said is "echoing dictators Hitler, Mussolini." The concerns about a "slippery slope" begin to come into view, when considering how many rich and powerful people on the right are camping out on that slope. 

Phelan's efforts to stem this particular tide may be doomed. Republicans have been wailing for far too long about "cancel culture," arguing that it's a violation of free speech to shun, insult, or even openly dislike anyone who shares gross and bigoted views. Having equated "free speech" with a total lack of consequences when the targets are women, LGBTQ people, or racial minorities, it's hard to cordon off anti-semitism as the one bigotry not allowed. Texas Republicans have long been the vanguard of the extremism the rest of the party will soon embrace, and this is likely to be no exception. 

Legal scholar: Trump lawyer’s “farfetched” election argument could have “dangerous consequences”

Former President Donald Trump’s attorney last week said that if his client becomes the Republican nominee for president, holding a trial in Georgia in the months leading up to the general election would be deemed as "election interference."

Fulton County Superior Court Judge Scott McAfee opened a discussion for trial timing when the former president’s attorney Steve Sadow suggested that if Trump secures victory in the 2024 election, he would be immune from facing a criminal trial in Georgia until at least 2029 – after he is no longer in office.

“I believe that the supremacy clause and his duties as president of the United States — this trial would not take place at all until after his term in office,” Sadow said.

Last month, District Attorney Fani Willis requested that all remaining defendants in the racketeering case, which currently includes Trump and 14 others, face a joint trial starting on August 5. Prosecutors have previously estimated that it would take about four months to present their case, excluding jury selection, meaning the trial could be ongoing during the final months of the election campaign, The Associated Press reported

“The court should set a trial date for August and reassess the situation then,” former U.S. Attorney Barb McQuade, a University of Michigan law professor, told Salon. “If most of the defendants plead out, then perhaps a trial could be completed well before the November election.”

But Sadow has objected to Fulton County prosecutors proposing to start the trial in August 2024, contending that it would constitute "election interference" by preventing Trump from participating in the campaign during its crucial final months.

“Can you imagine the notion of the Republican nominee for president not being able to campaign for the presidency because he is, in some form or fashion, in a courtroom defending himself?” Sadow said. “That would be the most effective election interference in the history of the United States, and I don’t think anyone would want to be in that position.”

However, legal experts argue that a trial during a presidential election is not interference, but instead a matter of public interest. It would “certainly be a distraction” from the issues on the ballot, McQuade said. 

“The court must consider the right of the public to a speedy trial, which would be compromised by waiting until after the election,” she added. “If Trump were elected president, he has a strong argument that he could not be brought to trial while serving, which means the trial would not occur until January 2029.”

But until Trump wins the Republican nomination, delaying the trial is “premature,” McQuade said, adding that “simply declaring for president” should not delay a trial. Otherwise, anyone could delay a trial by declaring their candidacy.

The claim that holding a trial during an election year constitutes “election interference” is “farfetched” and “a ploy to prevent” Trump from facing accusations that any other citizen would have to face, Bennett Gershman, a former New York prosecutor and law professor at Pace University, told Salon. 

“If accepted, this claim would produce dangerous consequences for the justice system and the rule of law,” Gershman said. “Does it mean that a corrupt congressman running for re-election cannot be indicted or tried? That removing Trump from the ballot because he led an insurrection, as the Constitution mandates, constitutes election interference? That the current civil trial in New York must be stopped, that at least five upcoming trials must be postponed, and that Trump should get a free pass without legal jeopardy until he hopes he’ll get elected and then have a chance to pardon himself?”

On top of this, there are several other trials scheduled. If the Georgia trial is delayed, then the other trials will likely fit into a “manageable schedule,” he added. The federal trials in Washington DC and Florida appear to be “airtight”. 

“So trying them before the Georgia trial may result in an easier chance at convicting Trump,” Gershman said. “He can’t delay every trial.”

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Trial attorney Bernard Alexander told Salon that this is just a “spin” argument to justify delaying the trial. The argument seeks to ascribe political motivations to the judge's decisions, but the court's actions, in general, are “not dependent” on the defendant’s out-of-court actions.

“It happens that Trump is also running for office," Alexander said. "No special rule should apply to Trump or ex-presidents. The burden is on the moving party to demonstrate reasonable cause to delay justice. And as opposed to political motives, having a determination on the merits of the criminal trial(s) would be directly relevant and informative (not “interference”) to the electorate for the upcoming election.”

Trump is confronting three other criminal cases, all set to proceed to trial next year, although he has attempted to delay all of them. His federal trial for election interference and his New York trial related to hush money payments are both slated for March, while his federal trial for hoarding classified records is scheduled for May.


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The ex-president has pleaded not guilty in both the Georgia case and the federal election interference criminal case. McAfee did not set a trial date in the Georgia case and said the issues raised Friday were “something we’re going to be taking up in great detail in the new year.

“This issue of whether a President’s official duties should override a trial in which the president is a defendant has already been decided by the Supreme Court,” Gershman said. “In Clinton v. Jones (1997), in which the plaintiff sued President Clinton for sexual misconduct when he was governor of Arkansas, the Supreme Court held that it was an abuse of discretion for the federal judge to delay the trial until after Clinton left office, and the fact that a trial might conceivably hamper the president in the conduct of his official duties the court could manage that claim if and when it is raised. The Court made it clear that a president is not above the law and should be treated like every other litigant.”

Can the US prevent a wider war in the Middle East? Right now, it’s barely trying

While Secretary of State Anthony Blinken has been frantically shuttling around the Middle East trying to stop the Israeli conflict in Gaza from exploding into a regional war, the United States has also sent two aircraft carrier strike groups, a Marine Expeditionary Unit and 1,200 extra troops to the Middle East as a “deterrent.” In plain language, the U.S. is threatening to attack any forces that come to the defense of the Palestinians from other countries in the region, reassuring Israel that it can keep killing with impunity in Gaza.

But if Israel persists in this war, U.S. threats may be impotent to prevent others from intervening. From Lebanon to Syria, Yemen, Iraq and Iran, possibilities of the conflict spreading appear enormous. Even Algeria says it is ready to fight on behalf of the Palestinians, based on a unanimous vote in its parliament on Nov. 1. 

Middle Eastern governments and their people already see the U.S. as a party to Israel’s bloodshed in Gaza. So any direct U.S. military action will be seen as an escalation on the side of Israel and is more likely to provoke further escalation than to deter it.  

The U.S. already faces this predicament in Iraq. Despite years of Iraqi demands for the removal of American forces, at least 2,500 U.S. troops remain at Al-Asad Airbase in western Anbar province, at Al-Harir Airbase, which is north of Erbil in Iraqi Kurdistan, and at another small base at the airport in Erbil. There are also “several hundred” NATO troops, including Americans, advising Iraqi forces in NATO Mission Iraq, based near Baghdad.

For many years, U.S. forces in Iraq have been mired in a low-grade war against the so-called Popular Mobilization Forces that Iraq formed to fight ISIS, mainly composed of Shia militias. Despite their links to Iran, the armed groups Kataib Hezbollah, Asaib Ahl al-Haq and other PMFs have often ignored Iranian calls to de-escalate attacks on U.S. forces. These Iraqi groups do not respect Iran Quds Force leader Gen. Esmail Qaani as highly as they did the late Gen. Qasem Soleimani, whom he replaced, so the U.S. assassination of Soleimani in 2020 further reduced Iran’s ability to restrain the militias in Iraq.

After a year-long truce between U.S. and Iraqi forces, the Israeli war on Gaza has triggered a new escalation of this conflict in both Iraq and Syria. Some militias have rebranded themselves as the Islamic Resistance in Iraq, and began attacking U.S. bases on Oct. 17, in the aftermath of the Hamas attack on Israel and the beginning of Israel's retaliation in Gaza. After 32 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, 34 more in Syria and three U.S. airstrikes in Syria, U.S. forces conducted airstrikes against two Kata’ib Hezbollah bases in Iraq, one in Anbar province and one in Jurf Al-Nasr, south of Baghdad, on Nov. 21, killing at least nine militiamen. 

Short of a ceasefire in Gaza or a full U.S. withdrawal from Iraq and Syria, there is no decisive action the U.S. can take that would end the rising violence in those two countries.

Those U.S. airstrikes prompted a furious response from Iraqi government spokesman Bassam al-Awadi. “We vehemently condemn the attack on Jurf Al-Nasr, executed without the knowledge of government agencies,” al-Awadi said. “This action is a blatant violation of sovereignty and an attempt to destabilize the security situation. … The recent incident represents a clear violation of the coalition’s mission to combat Daesh [aka ISIS] on Iraqi soil. We call on all parties to avoid unilateral actions and to respect Iraq’s sovereignty.”

Just as the Iraqi government feared, the Islamic Resistance in Iraq responded to U.S. airstrikes with two attacks on Al-Harir airbase on Nov. 22 and several more on Nov. 23. They attacked Al-Asad airbase with several drones and launched another drone attack on the U.S. base at Erbil airport, while their allies in Syria attacked two U.S. bases across the border in northeastern Syria.

Short of a ceasefire in Gaza or a full U.S. withdrawal from Iraq and Syria, there is no decisive action the U.S. can take that would put a stop to these attacks. So the level of violence in Iraq and Syria is likely to keep rising as long as the war on Gaza continues.

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Another military force opposing Israel and the U.S. in the region is the Houthi army in Yemen. On Nov. 14, Abdul-Malek al-Houthi, leader of the Houthi government in Yemen, asked neighboring countries to open a corridor through their territory for his army to go and fight Israel in Gaza.

Houthi Deputy Information Secretary Nasreddin Amer told Newsweek that if their forces had a way to enter Gaza, they would not hesitate to join the fight against Israel, ”We have fighters numbering hundreds of thousands who are brave, tough, trained and experienced in fighting," Amer said. "They have a very strong belief, and their dream in life is to fight the Zionists and the Americans.”

It is highly unlikely that thousands of Yemeni soldiers would under any circumstances be allowed to cross Saudi Arabia in order to join the fight against Israel, but it's conceivable that Iran or another ally could help to transport a smaller number by air or sea. The Houthis have waged an asymmetric war against Saudi-led invaders for many years, and have developed weapons and tactics that they could bring to bear against Israel. Soon after al-Houthi’s statement, Yemeni forces in the Red Sea boarded a ship that is reportedly owned, through various shell companies, by Israeli billionaire Abraham Ungar. The vessel, which was on its way from Istanbul to India, was detained in a Yemeni port. 

The Houthis have also launched a series of drones and missiles towards Israel. While many members of Congress try to portray the Houthis as simply puppets of Iran, in fact they are an independent, unpredictable force that other actors in the region cannot control. 

Even NATO ally Türkiye (formerly Turkey) is finding it difficult to remain a bystander, given widespread public support for the Palestinian cause. President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was among the first international leaders to speak out strongly against the Israeli assault on Gaza, explicitly calling it a massacre and saying that it amounted to genocide

Turkish civil society groups are spearheading a campaign to send humanitarian aid to Gaza on cargo ships, braving a possible confrontation like the one that occurred in 2010 when Israeli commandos killed 10 people aboard the Mavi Marmara, a Turkish passenger ship carrying humanitarian aid and volunteers. 


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On the Lebanese border, Israel and Hezbollah have conducted daily exchanges of fire since the Hamas attack of Oct. 7, killing 97 combatants and 15 civilians in Lebanon along with nine soldiers and three civilians in Israel. Some 46,000 Lebanese civilians and 65,000 Israelis have been displaced from the border area. Israeli defense minister Yoav Gallant warned on Nov. 11, “What we’re doing in Gaza, we can also do in Beirut.” 

It remains unclear how Hezbollah will react now that Israel has resumed its ground assault in Gaza following the brief truce and hostage exchange, or what will happen if Israel's military campaign expands to the West Bank, where Israeli settlers and soldiers have already killed at least 237 Palestinians since Oct. 7.

In a speech on Nov. 3, Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah stopped short of declaring a new war on Israel, but warned that “all options are on the table” if Israel does not end its war on Gaza.  

As Israel prepared to pause its bombing on Nov. 23, Iranian foreign minister Hossein Amirabdollahian held meetings in Qatar, first with Nasrallah and Lebanese officials, and then with Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh. 

It remains unclear how Hezbollah will react now that Israel has resumed its ground assault in Gaza, or what will happen if Israel's military campaign expands to the West Bank.

In a public statement, Amirabdollahian said, “The continuation of the ceasefire can prevent further expansion of the scope of the war. In the meeting with the leaders of the resistance, I found out that if Israel’s war crimes and genocide continue, a tougher and more complicated scenario of the resistance will be implemented.”

Amirabdollahian had already warned on Oct. 16 that "leaders of the resistance," meaning Palestinian militia groups and their allies elsewhere, would not allow Israel "to do whatever it wants in Gaza and then go to other fronts of the resistance.”

In other words, if Iran and its allies believe that Israel intends to continue its war on Gaza until it has removed Hamas from power, and then intends to turn its war machine loose on Lebanon or its other neighbors, they may well conclude it is preferable to fight a wider war now, forcing Israel to fight the Palestinians, Hezbollah and various their allies all at the same time, rather than waiting for Israel to attack them one by one.

It does not appear that the White House is listening. In public remarks the day after Thanksgiving, President Biden continued to back Israel’s vow to resume the war in Gaza after the conclusion of a “humanitarian pause,” describing the campaign to eliminate Hamas as “a legitimate objective.”

America’s unconditional support for Israel, along with an apparently endless supply of U.S. weapons, have succeeded only in turning Israel into an uncontrollable destabilizing force at the heart of a fragile region that is already shattered and traumatized by decades of U.S. warmaking. The result is a country that refuses to recognize its own borders or those of its neighbors, and that rejects any and all limits on its territorial ambitions and any shared understanding of war crimes.

If Israel’s actions lead to a wider war, the U.S. will find itself with few allies ready to jump into the fray. In fact, even if a regional conflict can avoided, U.S. support for Israel has already created tremendous damage to America's reputation in the region and beyond. Direct U.S. involvement in the war could leave the nation even more isolated and impotent on the world than its epic misadventures in Vietnam, Afghanistan and Iraq. 

The U.S. can still avoid this fate by insisting on an immediate and permanent ceasefire in Gaza and the withdrawal of Israeli forces. If Israel will not agree to that, as is likely, the U.S. must back up this position with an immediate suspension of arms deliveries, military aid, Israeli access to U.S. weapons stockpiles in Israel and diplomatic support for Israel’s war. 

If U.S. officials are truly concerned with the nation's self-interest, or with the lives of innocent Palestinian civilians, they should work to stop Israel’s massacre in Gaza, cool hostilities enough to avoid a regional war and then, in effect, get out of the way so that the U.N. and other nations can help negotiate a real solution to the occupation of Palestine.

The best forest managers? Indigenous peoples, study says

New research from the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences has identified a key to successful forest restoration: long term, local governance by Indigenous peoples or local communities. The more formalized the land tenure rights, the better the outcomes. Research shows that Indigenous and rural communities are the best stewards of the forests they live in, but the study’s novel finding is that community-managed forests yield better, more positive results for both environmental and social outcomes.

“Where people depend upon forest resources for a range of livelihood benefits, like firewood, timber, food, various things, they often have an incentive to take care of those forests. It’s really quite simple,” said lead author Harry Fischer. “When you give communities the opportunity to manage in those ways, you will often see better outcomes.”

Forest restoration is a critical tool for global climate change mitigation, and is particularly important to the 1.8 billion people living in, and relying on, forests for their livelihoods. Restoration projects have historically prioritized environmental outcomes like planting trees to improve biodiversity, or monetizing carbon sequestration through carbon credit schemes. But typically, those interests take precedence over the interests of local communities. The authors argue that a locally-focused, rights-based approach means that those interests don’t have to be mutually exclusive. 

"OK, planting trees is not bad,” Fischer said. “Giving power to local people is going to be more effective over the long term."

The study analyzed data collected by the International Forestry Resources and Institutions over three decades, from 314 community-managed forests, across 15 nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Researchers wanted to understand what the best forests had in common in order to better inform future restoration efforts. The study focused on tropical ecosystems because of the high prevalence of forest restoration efforts in these regions, like the Trillion Trees project and other tree planting initiatives. Common measures of successful forest restoration include healthy biodiversity, like planting trees or stopping deforestation, climate change-mitigation services, like carbon sequestration and carbon credits, and improved livelihoods for local communities in the form of access to forests for food and housing. But the forests with the best results across all three measures were the ones where local communities determined the rules for forest management.

Fischer and the other researchers’ critique of those efforts is that they are target-based. Forest projects focused on planting trees or selling carbon credits saw benefits concentrated in those areas, but poor performance in other areas, particularly when it comes to improving the livelihoods of local peoples. That means that while those projects may be good on paper for international conservation groups or investors, they don’t provide positive spillover effects to the people that live there. 

“What we’re saying in our study is, OK, planting trees is not bad,” Fischer said. “Giving power to local people is going to be more effective over the long term. If they have power, the interventions are going to be more legitimate. They’re going to have more local buy-in for that.”

But that transfer of power isn’t being applied. Additional reports show that the world remains off track from reversing forest degradation and meeting decarbonization goals — in part due to a failure to work with Indigenous peoples or local communities, or recognize their rights. A study earlier this month from the Forest Declaration Assessment, a nonprofit that tracks forest conservation efforts, analyzed the National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans of 27 countries with substantial forest ecosystems and Indigenous populations. According to the study, those plans to establish national conservation efforts had gaps where Indigenous peoples were performatively included or completely left out. Less than a third of those countries engaged Indigenous peoples when developing their plans.

Levi Sucre Romero, coordinator of the Mesoamerican Alliance of Peoples and Forests and co-chair to the Global Alliance of Territorial Communities, says this low rate of inclusion is one of the critical issues on the table at COP28 in Dubai.

“This implies that decisions are still being made from desks, from cities, for an issue as crucial as forests and those of us who are living and protecting those forests are not taken into account,” Romero said. “The world’s rulers must hear that they can no longer continue making promises about the problem of climate change if they are not going to fulfill them.”

Fischer says that a forest restoration approach that prioritizes local livelihoods instead of making them a secondary benefit will take time — but on average will generate the best results for both environmental and social concerns. 

“If we’re going to have participation, let’s do it in a way that really sort of redistributes power over a long, long period,” Fischer said. “[Then], people are able to really manage and get practice, and these practices get institutionalized over time.”

This article originally appeared in Grist at https://grist.org/global-indigenous-affairs-desk/the-best-forest-managers-indigenous-peoples-study-says/.

Grist is a nonprofit, independent media organization dedicated to telling stories of climate solutions and a just future. Learn more at Grist.org

 

Who has the most “rizz”? Oxford’s word of the year shows us Black culture’s impact

What the hell is "rizz" anyway? Oxford's word of the year has infiltrated our language, beating out words like "Swiftie" (Taylor Swift super fans) or "situationship" (the in-between stage of dating).

Announced on Monday, the buzziest word of the year is just a shortened slang for the word charisma. To Oxford, it just means “style, charm or attractiveness,” or “the ability to attract a romantic or sexual partner.” The latter is the most important part to Gen-Zers who shot the word into fame this year with TikTok trends like a man on the street interview-flirting with random strangers to determine who has the most rizz. Rizz is just a cool word to describe a person with real, strong social game.

According to Oxford, the word "speaks to how language that enjoys intense popularity and currency within particular social communities — and even in some cases lose their popularity and become passé — can bleed into the mainstream . . . the spike in usage data for rizz goes to prove that words and phrases that evolve from internet culture are increasingly becoming part of day-to-day vernacular and will continue to shape language trends in the future.”

Also, rizz has become so popular in our everyday speak that it has been popularized in mainstream conversation by various celebrities, including actor Tom Holland. The "Spider-Man" famously told Buzzfeed, “I have no rizz whatsoever. I have limited rizz.” The actor said he won over his long-term girlfriend actor Zendaya by playing the "long game" — "that's where my rizz is at," he said. Oxford reported that since actor's interview, there was an increase in the usage of the word.

But even before Holland popularized the word with wide audiences, Oxford credited YouTube and Twitch streamer Kai Cenat's impact in popularizing the word. In 2022, the online personality offered advice on how to have rizz. Then the word rose to popularity on TikTok with a plethora of trends being created to speak to new "interpretations and variations" of the word. 

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Rizz's popularity is a sign of the impact Gen Z and internet culture have had on the English language but the word's origins truly lie with Black culture and African American Vernacular English (AAVE). Its originator, Cenat, is a Black man from New York who told Complex that the word was made up by his group of friends before he shared it on Twitch. To Cenat, the word is not short of charisma, instead it "meant game." 

This isn't the first time that words originating with Black people or culture intersecting with Black queer communities have been co-opted and popularized by white people or just the mainstream. Words like "slay," "queen," "finna," "cap," "on fleek" and "lit" are just some examples that have historically been used in Black communities but did not gain popularity until it was adopted by the white mainstream. AAVE has shown up all over online spaces as Black influencers celebrities and people create memes and TikTok dances. More times than not, words used by Black people online have gone viral but instead of acknowledging that origin, they've been deemed a new vocabulary term created by Gen Z. When used by non-Black people these cultural words can become bastardized versions of themselves. Look, it's not like anyone can ban non-Black people from using AAVE but one has to be careful how they use it and most importantly, if they are using it right.

When it comes to rizz, Oxford has correctly credited it to a Black person but also credited to a predominately white online space and celebrity for popularizing it. Both can be true in this case because "from activism to dating and wider culture, as Gen Z comes to have more impact on society, differences in perspectives and lifestyle play out in language, too.” We can't leave out the Black Gen-Zers like Cenat who play a large role in shaping this online discourse and change in language. As the way we interact with words shifts because of how much time we spend online, it's important to give dues where they are owed.

John Oliver wants George Santos in the “Real Housewives” universe after Congress expulsion

New York congressman George Santos may have been expelled from Congress Friday, but he could be welcomed where imaginative takes on reality are the norm, according to John Oliver. 

On the latest episode of HBO’s “Last Week Tonight,” Oliver celebrated that “they finally kicked George Santos out” from Congress, adding, “Apparently it takes three times to get rid of him — a sort of reverse ‘Beetlejuice’ situation, if you will.” He continued, saying Santos’ dismissal was due to the “scathing” ethics committee report that found him guilty of fabrication and misuse of campaign funds.

“The truth is, this man never belonged in Congress; he belongs on Bravo,” Oliver said, naming the NBC Universal cable network known for it reality shows like "Real Housewives" and "Vanderpump Rules." He then listed several controversies that Santos was embroiled in during his term, like the time he claimed “his young niece had been kidnapped from a playground in Queens” or that his mom died on 9/11, even though records showed his mother not being in NYC at the time.

“Santos clearly didn’t deliver for his constituents but he delivered hard for the rest of us,” Oliver quipped. “And I don’t want him to be in my government and I don’t want to sit next to him on an airplane, but I definitely want him in Andy Cohen‘s menagerie of damaged human beings.

“Call this man now, Cohen and pay him what he is worth,” Oliver begged.

Only time will tell if Santos will receive a "Real Housewives"-style invite in the near future. However, only the HBO film is confirmed. Santos also agreed to an interview with comedian Ziwe, in a Sunday post on X.

 

7 food and agriculture innovations needed to protect the climate and feed a rapidly growing world

For the first time ever, food and agriculture took center stage at the annual United Nations climate conference in 2023.

More than 130 countries signed a declaration on Dec. 1, committing to make their food systems – everything from production to consumption – a focal point in national strategies to address climate change.

The declaration is thin on concrete actions to adapt to climate change and reduce emissions, but it draws attention to a crucial issue.

The global food supply is increasingly facing disruptions from extreme heat and storms. It is also a major contributor to climate change, responsible for one-third of all greenhouse gas emissions from human activities. This tension is why agriculture innovation is increasingly being elevated in international climate discussions.

At present, agriculture provides enough food for the world's 8 billion people, although many do not have adequate access. But to feed a global population of 10 billion in 2050, croplands would need to expand by 660,000 to 1.2 million square miles (171 million to 301 million hectare) relative to 2010. That would lead to more deforestation, which contributes to climate change. Further, some practices widely relied on to produce sufficient food, such as using synthetic fertilizers, also contribute to climate change.

Simply eliminating deforestation and these practices without alternative solutions would decrease the world's food supply and farmers' incomes. Fortunately, innovations are emerging that can help.

In a new report, the Innovation Commission for Climate Change, Food Security and Agriculture, founded by Nobel-winning economist Michael Kremer, identifies seven priority areas for innovation that can help ensure sufficient food production, minimize greenhouse gas emissions and be scaled up to reach hundreds of millions of people.

I'm an agriculture economist and executive director for the commission. Three innovations in particular stand out for their ability to scale up quickly and pay off economically.

 

Accurate, accessible weather forecasts

With extreme weather leaving crops increasingly vulnerable and farmers struggling to adapt, accurate weather forecasts are crucial. Farmers need to know what to expect, both in the days ahead and farther out, to make strategic decisions about planting, irrigating, fertilizing and harvesting.

Yet access to accurate, detailed forecasts is rare for farmers in many low- and middle-income countries.

Our assessment shows that investing in technology to collect data and make forecasts widely available – such as by radio, text message or WhatsApp – can pay off many times over for economies.

For example, accurate state-level forecasts of seasonal monsoon rainfall totals would help Indian farmers optimize sowing and planting times, providing an estimated US$3 billion in benefits over five years – at a cost of around $5 million.

If farmers in Benin received accurate forecasts by text message, we estimate that they could save each farmer $110 to $356 per year, a large amount in that country.

More sharing of information among neighboring countries, using platforms like the World Meteorological Organization's Climate Services Information System, could also improve forecasts.

 

Microbial fertilizers

Another innovation priority involves expanding the use of microbial fertilizers.

Nitrogen fertilizer is widely used to increase crop yields, but it is typically made from natural gas and is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. Microbial fertilizers use bacteria to help plants and soil absorb the nutrients they need, thereby reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer needed.

Studies have found that microbial fertilizers could increase legume yields by 10% to 30% in healthy soil and generate billions of dollars in benefits. Other microbial fertilizers work with corn and scientists are working on more advancements.

Soybean farmers in Brazil have been using a rhizobia-based microbial fertilizer for decades to improve their yields and cut synthetic fertilizer costs. But this technique is not as widely known elsewhere. Scaling it up will require funding to expand testing to more countries, but it has great potential payoff for farmers, soil health and the climate.

 

Reducing methane from livestock

A third innovation priority is livestock, the source of roughly two-thirds of agriculture's greenhouse gas emissions. With demand for beef projected to rise 80% by 2050 as low- and middle-income countries grow wealthier, reducing those emissions is essential.

Several innovative methods for reducing livestock methane emissions target enteric fermentation, which leads to methane belches.

Adding algae, seaweed, lipids, tannins or certain synthetic compounds to cattle feed can change the chemical reactions that generate methane during digestion. Studies have found some techniques have the potential to reduce methane emissions by a quarter to nearly 100%. When cattle produce less methane, they also waste less energy, which can go into growth and milk production, providing a boost for farmers.

The method is still expensive, but further development and private investment could help scale it up and lower the cost.

Gene editing, either of livestock or the microorganisms in their stomachs, could also someday hold potential.

 

Scaling up agriculture innovation

The Innovation Commission also identified four other priorities for innovation:

  • Helping farmers and communities implement better rainwater harvesting.

  • Lowering the cost of digital agriculture that can help farmers use irrigation, fertilizer and pesticides most efficiently.

  • Encouraging production of alternative proteins to reduce demand for livestock.

  • Providing insurance and other social protections to help farmers recover from extreme weather events.

While promising agricultural innovations exist, commercial incentives to develop and scale them up have fallen short, leading to underinvestment, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

However, innovation funding has a track record of generating very high social rates of return. This creates an opportunity for public and philanthropic investment in developing and deploying innovations at a scale to reach hundreds of millions of people. Of course, to be effective, any potential innovation must be consistent with – and driven by – national strategies and planned in conjunction with the government, the private sector and civil society.

Two decades ago, global leaders, frustrated that lifesaving vaccines were not reaching hundreds of millions of people who needed them, created Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance. They invested billions of dollars to scale up these innovations, helped to immunize over 1 billion children and halved child mortality in 78 lower-income countries.

This year, officials at COP28 are aiming for a similar global response to climate change, food security and agriculture.

Paul Winters, Professor of Global Affairs, University of Notre Dame

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

“No science”: Head of COP28 denies the core truths behind climate change

The 2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference, also known as COP28, is underway, and is already generating significant controversy. Sultan Al Jaber of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the president of COP28, came under fire Sunday for recent comments that denied the basic scientific realities of climate change. The controversy began when Jaber was being interviewed by Mary Robinson, a former UN special envoy for climate change, for the She Changes Climate event. After insisting that he would not participate in any "alarmist" conversation, Jaber insisted that "there is no science out there, or no scenario out there, that says that the phase-out of fossil fuel is what’s going to achieve 1.5º C," referring to limiting the global temperature rise.

After Robinson noted that Jaber's company is investing in fossil fuels, he doubled down, adding that any phase-out of fossil fuels would "take the world back into caves" and that "I don’t think [you] will be able to help solve the climate problem by pointing fingers or contributing to the polarization and the divide that is already happening in the world. Show me the solutions. Stop the pointing of fingers. Stop it."

Jaber attempted to walk back his comments on Monday, telling reporters that "I have said over and over that the phase down and the phase out of fossil fuel is inevitable." He received support from Professor Jim Skea, chair of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), who insisted that Jaber "has been attentive to the science." Jaber is the head of the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (Adnoc), while the UAE is one of the world's top 10 oil and gas producers. Despite Jaber's claims to the contrary, scientists overwhelmingly agree that climate change is both real and primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels.

Food insecure Alaskans struggle as food stamp backlog becomes untenable for staffers to process

Food insecurity has ravaged many communities and families in the past year. Now, due to a perfect storm of issues, those dependent on food aid in Alaska are experiencing delays and backlogs.

"At least one in 10 Alaskans who depend on federally funded food stamps are now waiting on critical aid," Annie Berman writes in the Anchorage Daily News. That is a total of 12,000 Alaskans. "Over the past six weeks, we have seen a steady increase in our backlog for the SNAP applications and recertifications," said Deb Etheridge, the director of the Alaska Division of Public Assistance. In addition to an influx of applications, other problems include office closures, technology issues and a tie-consuming interview requirement. Etheridge also believes the division needs many more staff members in order to adequately process the backlogged applications within the next month or so.

In addition, Berman writes that "the state has decided to hold off on conducting those [required] interviews — falling out of compliance with federal regulations as a result — in its attempt to speed up application processing, and stop the backlog from growing." 

Over 90,000 people in Alaska participate in SNAP. For some, the wait can take months and months, so many are reliant on food banks, pantries and other forms of philanthropy, charity and assistance in order to eat on a daily basis. Berman writes that "the backlog began in August 2022 and wasn't fully cleared until September 2023.: However, the backlog of applications quickly mounted again. It's particularly concerning in parts of rural Alaska, in which there are less food banks. Etheridge noted that the past six weeks specifically have caused the current issue. 

McDonald’s is bringing back its immensely popular adult Happy Meals

If you're a big Mickey D's fan, then you might be thrilled about this news. As reported by Jelisa Castrodale at Food & Wine, the ubiquitous fast food chain is bringing its adult Happy Meals back into circulation, even containing six individual toy options. Tariq Hassan, the chief marketing an customer experiences officer, references the success of last year's Cactus Plant Flea Market box and notes that it was something that would be revisited: "Fans told us they wanted to celebrate that quintessential childhood experience again."

This year's version is called the Kerwin Frost Box, which is a collaboration with "multi-hyphenate DJ, designer and street wear icon," as Castrodale writes. The meal comes with either chicken nuggets or a Big Mac, as well as fries and soda, plus a toy option — there are six, which have been "reimagined by Frost," Castrodale notes.

“I’ve loved McDonald’s since I was a kid. I even had my own Ronald McDonald doll that I brought to picture day at school, and it was my dream to collect all the McNugget Buddies,” Frost said. “Now, coming up with my own special set of Buddies — each one representing different aspects of self-expression — it’s unreal, a dream come true.” The Frost Box will be available starting on December 11, as well as on Frost's website. Some of the proceeds will be going to the Harlem Arts Alliance.

A George Santos movie in the works to trace “Gatsby-esque journey” of a man who “waged war on truth”

George Santos may be gone (from Congress), but he won't be forgotten. His infamous political career will be receiving the movie treatment. 

Per Variety, HBO Films has picked up the rights to “The Fabulist: The Lying, Hustling, Grifting, Stealing, and Very American Legend of George Santos,” a book by writer and reporter Mark Chiusano that was published on Nov. 28.

The film is described as a “story of a seemingly minor local race that wound up a battle for the soul of Long Island, and unexpectedly carved the path for the world’s most famous (and now disgraced) congressman.

“The Gatsby-esque journey of a man from nowhere who exploited the system, waged war on truth and swindled one of the wealthiest districts in the country to achieve his American Dream,” the film’s logline continued.

Frank Rich, who executive produced the HBO series “Veep” and “Succession,” is slated to executive produce the upcoming Santos film. Mike Makowsky of “Bad Education” will also executive produce alongside Rich and write the screenplay for the film. Chiusano will serve as a consulting producer.

A release date, director and cast have not been announced at this time.

News about the movie comes in the wake of Santos being expelled from Congress on Friday over lies he allegedly told to fundraise and get elected, as well as misuse of campaign funds. Santos became the sixth lawmaker in history and the first member of the GOP to be expelled from the U.S. House of Representatives.

Former Trump White House official “stunned” at his visible “decline” in Iowa speech

Former Trump White House official Alyssa Farrah Griffin said Sunday that the former president appeared to have lost a step during a campaign stop in Iowa on Saturday. Trump during a rally speech in Cedar Rapids claimed that President Joe Biden "is the destroyer of American democracy" and vowed to "do something" about Obamacare even as he claimed that he "saved" Obamacare.

"It's kind of remarkable, I've been watching the clips from Trump's visit to Iowa and I'm stunned having spent a lot of time with him in 2020 and years before—he is slowing down," Farah Griffin, the former White House director for strategic communications, told CNN. "There's a lack of sharpness in what he's saying and a lack of kind of clarity," she added. "There's another clip where he basically says he's going to overturn Obamacare, but also says that he'll fix it, just complete inconsistencies and for Republicans our strongest case against Joe Biden is the age and the decline that some of us have seen. And if I'm being honest, head-to-head, I'm not sure which is struggling more."

PFAS forever chemicals found in English drinking water – why are they everywhere?

PFAS chemicals (per-and poly fluoroalkyl substances), also known as forever chemicals, are rarely out of the news at the moment. The latest concern about this chemical group is their presence in drinking water in England.

The Royal Society of Chemistry found that the UK's drinking water standard is not stringent enough to protect us against the dangerous health effects of PFAS. The health risks include links to cancer and fertility problems.

But PFAS are a problem that is not going away anytime soon. Even if we stopped using them in products today, there are already huge amounts of them in the environment and some types of PFAS simply do not degrade. Our research has even found growing evidence of these chemicals in some of the most remote places on Earth, including the Antarctic.

To make matters worse, the PFAS chemicals that do degrade often break down into the more recalcitrant PFAS types, which then cycle around the environment endlessly.

 

What are PFAS?

Media coverage of the problem can be hard to follow because the PFAS group includes more than 5,000 different chemical substances.

It used to be common to read stories about poly- /perfluoro compounds (PFCs) and poly- /perfluoro alkyl acids (PFAs) rather than PFAS. Even now it is not uncommon to see products like outdoor clothing labelled as PFC free.

But a lot of PFCs are non-toxic and include a lot of widely used medical drugs. PFCs mean drugs with a carbon-fluorine bond, which is not a problem in itself. PFAS are a sub group of PFCs and they are toxic and extremely difficult to break down.

PFAs are a sub-group of PFAS chemicals. Over the last few years research has increasingly highlighted problems with the wider PFAS group than just PFAs. PFAS can be broadly split into two groups: fluoropolymers and non-polymers.

 

Fluoropolymers

The most well-known fluoropolymer is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with its trademark name Teflon, first produced by Dupont in the 1940s. PTFE is the non-stick coating to cookware. Its stability to high temperatures, non-reactivity and low friction properties makes it ideal for this application. We can ingest flakes of the polymer, but it is not absorbed by the body so just passes through us.

PTFE film is also used in some types of waterproof, breathable outdoor clothing. The micropores allow the passage of water vapor (from sweat for example) but prevent water droplets seeping through, keeping the wearer dry.

Other fluoropolymers include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) used in sensors and batteries because of its ability to hold an electrical charge. While fluoropolymers are not considered toxic, their production relies on large quantities of other toxic chemicals, like non-polymers. They are better for us because the end product doesn't bring us into direct contact with non-polymers, but bad news for the environment as that is where the non-polymers will probably end up.

 

Non-polymers

The non-polymer group has by far the biggest number of substances and their use is myriad – including in food packaging, cosmetics, medical applications, fabric coatings and electronics.

This group also includes refrigerant and cleaning solvents (replacement chemicals to the infamous CFCs banned to protect the ozone). They have high water and oil repellency and chemical stability. For industrial uses chemicals must be stable so that they do their job without reacting or breaking down. If you bought a cosmetic and it lost its color or wouldn't spread after a few days, for example, that wouldn't be good.

Non-polymers also have good thermal stability. This makes it very useful for making food packaging such as pizza boxes and popcorn wrapping.

They are used in a lot of cosmetic products and toiletries because they make the product smoother, water resistant and easier to apply.

They have an eight-carbon chain (C8) with acidic heads. The longer chain length provides better stability and less friction which means they are useful as processing aids in polymer manufacture.

Since 2000, industry has moved away from C8 chemistry and shifted towards shorter chain length chemicals because of concerns over toxicity of the longer-chain compounds and their harm to the environment.

The shorter chain length does help them break down faster and makes them less toxic. However they don't perform as well as the longer chain chemicals. So manufacturers use more of them in products and more of them get into the environment.

The long, fluorinated (F) eight-carbon 'backbone' provides thermal and chemical stability and is hydrophobic while the acid head is hydrophilic. Crispin Halsall, CC BY

 

Toxic effects

The widespread of these chemical groups comes at a cost. PFAS enter the environment through the everyday use and disposal of products that contain them. Emissions from fluoropolymer manufacturing sites is another source.

Domestic and commercial wastewater contains PFAS, which is released into rivers and ocean currents and into remote parts of the planet as evidenced by my team's recent work investigating high levels of PFAS in Arctic sea ice.

Humans are typically exposed to these chemicals through drinking water, food and household dust. They are a problem for our health because these chemicals have an acid head which tends to interact with and bind to protein molecules in blood. This has knock-on effects on health.

There is strong evidence to demonstrate that exposure to specific PFAS is linked with liver disease, cancer and damages people's reproductive systems and children's development. Another area of concern is repression of the immune system and lowered response to vaccines.

Many other countries such as the US and Denmark have revised their drinking water standards. It's time UK drinking water standards caught up.

Crispin Halsall, Professor in Environmental Chemistry, Lancaster University

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Over-priced drugs are driving people to “rogue” online pharmacies — sometimes with deadly results

When 14-year-old Alexander Neville got into a funk in June of 2020, his mother, Amy, figured it was a symptom of puberty. A global pandemic had just been declared, and she allowed Alexander to get on Snapchat so that he could stay in touch with friends, with whom hangouts fewer than six feet apart had been prohibited. It was a tough time to be a teenager. 

Amy describes Alexander as brilliant and intense, a skateboarder and a young entrepreneur who ran his own eBay shop selling his old toys. Alexander was an empath, she said, but this week, he seemed off.

When Alexander told Amy he was acting differently because he was taking oxycodone obtained through someone on Snapchat and that it was starting to have a “hold on him,” she called a local treatment center the next day to try and get him seen by professionals who could help. But during the next 24 hours, while the center was putting together recommendations for him, Alexander took a pill that was contaminated with fentanyl, a powerful opioid, which caused him to fatally overdose. 

“The thought of Alex dying did not even occur to me,” Neville told Salon in a phone interview. “It just didn’t make any sense.”

A growing number of people are ordering medication through illicit online sources, sometimes with fatal consequences. Last month, the FDA issued a statement warning against the dangers of potentially laced or fake drugs purchased from “rogue” online sources, claiming "Buying prescription drugs from rogue online pharmacies can be dangerous, or even deadly."

But there’s still a long way to go in apprehending illicit sellers, let alone tackling the root causes driving folks to the internet to buy medicine in the first place. The problems spurring people to self-diagnose and self-medicate stem from pharmaceutical price-gouging, drug shortages and an overall lack of medical access and stigma toward those who struggled with mental health or substance use.

Buyers shopping online risk getting medicines that have bad interactions with other drugs they’re taking or getting something completely useless.

The National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) has tallied 40,000 drug sellers online and calculated that 96% are operating illegally. The majority of these online marketplaces are considered unlawful because they don’t necessitate prescriptions to access prescription drugs or possess the required license to sell to consumers in certain regions. But that isn't stopping them from doing business anyway. However, an estimated 10% of these sources are selling substandard medications that can be dangerous or even fatal, said Dr. John Hertig, a pharmacist and member of the Alliance for Safe Online Pharmacies.

In addition to fatal poisonings or contaminations like what happened to Alexander, buyers shopping online risk getting medicines that have bad interactions with other drugs they’re taking or getting something like a sugar pill that is completely useless.

“Maybe your son got into a car accident and just to get them through, they ordered a Percocet, or maybe they're stressed because of an upcoming exam and so they order Xanax, but the problem is, those medicines are then laced with fentanyl,” Hertig told Salon in a phone interview. “Every single person that goes online [to buy medicines from rogue pharmacies] is at risk of this because of the significant nature of the sale of these products via online drug sellers.”


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Although people have been selling illicit substances online since the internet began, data suggest the problem is getting worse year over year, with a particular rise during the COVID-19 pandemic. The introduction of fentanyl into the street drug supply has made the situation more dire: Among children, deaths from synthetic opioids like fentanyl increased by 30-fold in 2021 compared to 2013, when fentanyl began circulating in the drug supply, according to research published in JAMA Pediatrics last May. In 2021, the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) warned against a flood of counterfeit pills introduced into the drug supply that contained fentanyl.

In 2008, the Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act, named after a teenager who died from fentanyl overdose, was passed to prohibit the sale of controlled substances online without a prescription. Various other pieces of legislation have been passed or proposed in the decade after in an attempt to regulate and prevent the sale of illicit or contaminated drugs, including the Cooper Davis Act, which was also named after a child who died from fentanyl poisoning. This legislation, proposed earlier this year, would require social media platforms to report drug activity to the DEA immediately.

However, the number of illegal pharmacies selling products online has remained relatively consistent over the years, despite efforts from law enforcement to shut them down. When the Department of Justice filed charges against Google for consenting to illegal online pharmacies purchasing ads on its websites, companies turned to search engine optimization and social media to promote their products instead, according to a 2022 NABP report. Then, when credit cards restricted the sale of illicit products through their networks, many of these companies turned to cryptocurrencies.

Some of these illicit sites look more official than legitimate pharmacy websites, making it difficult for some consumers to know whether their medications are legitimate. Plus, many rogue pharmacies operate outside of U.S. jurisdiction, making enforcement and policing challenging. Others pop up with different domain names after one is shut down. As a result, policing them has become a bit of a game of whac-a-mole hardly different than attempts to shut down meth labs or stop international drug trafficking.

"Often drug sellers are active on multiple social media platforms, internet sites and dark web accounts simultaneously."

Moreover, the features social media platforms use to ensure privacy between users like encrypted messaging or disappearing content can be exploited by these sellers, according to a report released earlier this year from the Colorado Department of Law. Making matters even more challenging is that some social media companies don’t respond to requests for data in investigations related to investigations in time for it to be useful, per the report.

“Often drug sellers are active on multiple social media platforms, internet sites and dark web accounts simultaneously, and they break up their transactions as multiple platforms in order to evade detection,” the report states.

As a result of the challenges in policing these sites, other efforts are being made to tackle the root causes leading more and more Americans to turn toward rogue online sources. More than two in five U.S. adults are uninsured or underinsured, but nearly half of U.S. adults suffer from at least one chronic disease

But medication treatments may be prohibitively expensive, or people may live in pharmacy deserts where they can’t access them. Many people seeking an abortion in states that have outlawed it have turned to online pharmacies to order abortion pills like misoprostol and mifepristone, for example. Meanwhile, other patients who have searched dozens of pharmacies to try and fill their Adderall prescriptions as the amphetamine shortage stretches into its second year may be desperate to find something that can help.

“People might have to be on medication for the rest of their lives, and you can easily imagine that they would want to try to save costs,” said Sachiko Ozawa, Ph.D., an associate professor at the University of Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy who studies substandard and falsified medicine. 

“The lack of financial protection for medical care in the United States is a huge problem, and that's causing people to make risky choices like this in order to save money and make sure that they can afford the medications that are life-saving for them,” Ozawa told Salon in a phone interview. 

In recent years, state and city governments have sued major pharmaceutical companies like Eli Lilly, Sanofi and Novo Nordisk for price-gouging drugs like insulin. These companies have been accused of making obscure deals with pharmacy benefit managers that end up hiking up prices for the consumer, said Dr. Stephen Eckel, the director of pharmacy innovation services at the University of North Carolina Medical Center. Insulin rationing can often lead to death.

“That patient could be making a decision between eating or other important expenses versus their medication expenses, and in that situation, patients might need to look for alternative methods to find cheaper medication,” Eckel told Salon in a phone interview. “Because most people are used to going to the internet to purchase commodity items and getting them through the mail, the next logical step is [to ask yourself], ‘Could I find it cheaper on the internet?’”

In response to questions about what is being done to regulate and shut down illicit rogue pharmacies, an FDA spokesperson cited the agency’s BeSafeRx campaign, which highlights red flags that signal an online pharmacy may be illegitimate, including not requiring a prescription, not having a U.S. or state board license, and not having a pharmacist on staff to answer questions. 

“The lack of financial protection for medical care in the United States is a huge problem, and that's causing people to make risky choices."

“In general, these products pose significant risks to patients because they have not been reviewed by the FDA before they are marketed to ensure safety, effectiveness or quality, and they are obtained without a prescription or prescriber oversight,” the spokesperson told Salon in an email.

The NABP has a website where consumers can check if online pharmacies are legally registered to sell quality products to U.S. consumers, as does Legit Scripts. In general, any site with a “.pharmacy” domain can be considered safe and legitimate, according to the NABP. Hertig said he is also developing curricula for medical professionals to learn best practices regarding how to counsel patients on this issue.

“Our healthcare professionals are relatively underequipped to educate and counsel patients on this issue,” Hertig said. “How can we expect our patients to make good decisions if our healthcare community is undereducated?”

In Orange County, California, where Alexander died, fentanyl-involved overdoses were the top reason for death among teens in 2022. Many of the children involved in these deaths took the ultrapotent opioid unknowingly after ordering it online from an illicit source. 

Since Alexander’s death, Amy Neville has put her energy into raising awareness about the risks of buying illicit online drugs, speaking to government officials and healthcare leaders in addition to groups of middle school and high schoolers around the country. She also created the Alexander Neville Foundation, which provides educational materials for families regarding social media and drug use. She is currently pursuing litigation against Snapchat along with over 60 parents whose children died by illicit drugs allegedly obtained through the social media platform.

Snapchat installed new policies in 2021 that redirect people using certain phrases related to drugs to educational materials. It also added safeguards to make it more difficult for strangers to contact teenagers, according to a Snapchat spokesperson.

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“We continually expand our support for law enforcement investigations helping them bring dealers to justice and we work closely with experts to share patterns of dealers' activities across tech platforms to more quickly identify and stop illegal behavior,” the Snapchat spokesperson told Salon in an email.

Still, illicit sellers are continuing to find loopholes, and adjustments like these haven’t been enough to stop both adults and children from buying products online. 

“Kids are out there, they are feeling down or blue or whatever it is, they put their symptoms on the internet, and it shoots you back: Here’s what this could possibly be, and here’s some prescriptions that could help you with that,” Neville said. “People think they are getting real prescriptions and that is just not the case.”

“Simply nonsense”: Judge torches Rudy Giuliani’s bid to dodge jury trial in election defamation suit

U.S. District Judge Beryl Howell on Sunday denied former Trump lawyer Rudy Giuliani's efforts to avoid a jury trial in the defamation lawsuit brought by Georgia election workers. The judge previously found Giuliani liable of defaming election workers Ruby Freeman and Wandrea "Shaye" Moss, with a trial slated to begin next week. In the wake of the 2020 election, Giuliani claimed that Moss and Freeman were seen on video improperly pulling ballots from a suitcase and claiming it was proof of Trump's widely debunked election fraud conspiracy theories. Moss and Freeman testified to the House Jan. 6 committee that they faced numerous threats and were forced to flee their home.

"Giuliani’s position that the long-standing jury demand in this case was extinguished when he was found liable on plaintiffs’ claims by default, is wrong as a matter of law," Howell wrote in the order. "Regardless of whether federal procedural rules and the civil jury right under the Seventh Amendment to the U.S. Constitution so require, a jury may properly hear the damages component of plaintiffs’ case."  In July, Giuliani conceded that he did not contest his claims about Freeman and Moss. After asking Giuliani to clarify, Howell issued a default judgment against him "as a discovery sanction" and also ordered him "to reimburse plaintiffs for attorneys' fees and costs." In a footnote, Howell scolded the former New York City mayor for claiming that Freeman and Moss "had the opportunity to forego any of the pretrial work to prepare for a jury trial" once Giuliani notified them he was seeking a bench trial. "This is simply nonsense," Howell wrote.

"The judges' biases and prejudices are well known and have been demonstrated throughout this case and many others—where the process is the punishment. In the fullness of time, this will be looked at as one of the darkest chapters in America's justice system and the District of Columbia—unfortunately—is at the core of much of it," Giuliani's political advisor Ted Goodman said in a statement. "Members of the legal community—across the partisan political spectrum—should stand up and speak out against the weaponization of our justice system against political opponents. It might be President Trump, Mayor Giuliani, and others you disagree with politically today, but it could be you and people who share your partisan positions tomorrow."

“Dystopian”: DeSantis appointee brags about college professors fleeing state over “open hostility”

Liberal-leaning professors at Florida's public universities are giving up their positions — many of them coveted tenure roles — and blaming their departures on Republican Gov. Ron DeSantis' efforts to reconfigure the state's higher education system to align with his conservative principles. 

According to The New York Times — which interviewed a dozen academics in an array of fields who have left the state's public colleges or given their notice and, in some cases, plan to move to liberal areas — those professors, while acknowledging the hundreds of top academics who remain in the state, have raised concerns that the governor's policies have become indefensible to scholars and students. 

Just four years after he started at the University of Florida, Dr. Neil H. Buchanan, a prominent economist and tax law scholar, has given up his tenured position and moved north to teach in Toronto. Buchanan left George Washington University to work for the Florida college in 2019 shortly after DeSantis took office that year.

In a recent column on a legal commentary website, Buchanan accused Florida and its Republican leaders of “open hostility to professors and to higher education more generally.”

"They have shown in every way possible that they want to get rid of people like me," he wrote. "In this case: Mission accomplished."

The University of Florida told the Times that its turnover rate is not unusual and remains below the 10.57 percent national average. The hiring rate, it said, is also higher than the departure rate. Florida State University and the University of South Florida released similar numbers.

DeSantis' office did not respond to the Times' requests for comment. But Dr. Sarah D. Lynne, the chair-elect of the University of Florida's faculty senate, said that not much has changed except that her campus has garnered national, political attention. Most people who leave the university, she told the Times, do so for reasons completely outside the realm of politics.

“Florida isn’t really a unique scenario when it comes to the politicization of higher education,” said Lynne, who teaches in the Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences. “It’s a beautiful state to live in and we have amazing students, so we’re staying.”

Data from several schools, however, show that departure rates have risen. At the University of Florida, overall turnover went from 7 percent in 2021 to 9.3 percent in 2023, figures released by the university show. A report by the university's faculty senate found some departments were hit especially hard. The school of arts, which includes art, music and dance, “struggles to hire or retain good faculty and graduate students in the current political climate,” the June report said. 

In the liberal arts, the report said, “Faculty of color have left.”

Danaya C. Wright, a law professor and the chair of the University of Florida's faculty senate, told the Times she sees job candidates avoiding the state. 

“We have seen more people pull their applications, or just say, ‘no, I’m not interested — it’s Florida,’” she said.

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At Florida State, Vice President for Faculty Development Janet Kistner commented during a September faculty senate meeting that the “political climate in Florida” had contributed to an upturn in faculty turnover with 37 professors departing for reasons other than retirement in the last year compared to an average of 23 during the past five years.

Dr. Paul Ortiz, a history at the University of Florida and a former president of the college's faculty union, told the Times he is leaving after more than 15 years to join Cornell next summer. 

“If the academic job market was more robust, then a lot more people would be leaving,” Ortiz said.

Dr. Walter Boot, a tenured psychology professor who has secured millions in grant money for Florida State, is joining Weill Cornell Medicine in New York, where he will continue developing technology for the elderly. Boot said he started at Florida State in 2008 and immediately felt at home on its Tallahassee campus. 

“This was the place I could see myself spending the rest of my career — great department, great university," he told the Times.

Things changed, however, when the DeSantis administration began to push its education policies, he added. Boot, who is gay, cited a 2022 that limits when educators can discuss gender and sexuality in elementary schools. Though the legislation was not targeting universities, it did fuel a fearsome environment, Boot said. 

“The run-up and aftermath of its passage involved hostile rhetoric painting queer and trans individuals as pedophiles and groomers, rhetoric that came not just from citizens but from state officials,” Boot wrote recently in the Tallahassee Democrat.

He noted that shortly after the bill passed, a man threatened to kill gay people on Florida State's campus. 

“It’s been very difficult, from a day-to-day perspective, not feeling comfortable or even safe where I live,” Boot told the Times.


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Other gay professors pointed to recent state sanctions aimed at transgender employees and students who do not comply with a May law restricting access to bathrooms as well as state restrictions on transgender medical procedures.

Dr. Hope Wilson, a former professor of education at the University of North Florida in Jacksonville, had served as an advisor to the college's Pride club and worked with the L.G.B.T.Q. center.

She told the Times that she particularly opposed what she regarded as intrusive requests from the state for information — to which her school responded — on everything from how many students had received transgender care to expenditures for D.E.I. initiatives. 

“It just felt very dystopian all the way around,” she said.

Her professional discomfort came alongside personal fears because her child is transgender. 

“Florida isn’t a state where I can raise my family or do my job," said Wilson, who now works at Northern Illinois University.

For Christopher Rufo, a conservative writer and activist whom DeSantis appointed a trustee of New College of Florida this year, the faculty departures are a positive outcome.

“To me, this is a net gain for Florida,” he said in a statement to the outlet, railing against transgender medical care and diversity programs. “Professors who want to practice D.E.I.-style racial discrimination, facilitate the sexual amputation of minors, and replace scholarship with partisan activism are free to do so elsewhere. Good riddance.”

The University of Florida's law school has also seen a significant drop this year, with a 30 percent faculty turnover rate. Some of those professors told the Times that political interference played a role in their departures, while other faculty said the state's reputation had dissuaded professors from other places from joining.

Maryam Jamshidi said that after a 2021 law allowed students to record professors in the classroom, liberal-leaning professors feared they would find videos of their lectures on Fox News. 

“As a Muslim woman who works on issues of racism and American power, I didn’t feel like U.F. was a place I could safely be myself and do my work,” said Jamshidi, who now teaches at the University of Colorado Boulder.

Questions about gender and race are at the core of an array of legal arguments from constitutional law to criminal justice and workplace discrimination. But in May DeSantis signed a bill that regulates what can be said in classrooms and prohibits university spending on diversity programs. 

Kenneth B. Nunn, one of several Black law professors who have recently departed, had already decided to leave by that time. 

In 2021, Nunn had been blocked from signing a brief challenging state restrictions on voting by felons. Nunn told the Times that signing such a document is “something that is considered a matter of course for faculty to do anywhere else.”

The university later doubled back on the question of whether Nunn could sign but he took the incident as a sign of the university's direction. He chose to retire from the law school and is currently a visiting professor at Howard University.

For Buchanan, the final straw was the implementation of a review process for tenured faculty, which he saw as the end to academic freedom. 

“It’s not just that the laws are so vague and obviously designed to chill speech that DeSantis doesn’t like. It’s that they simultaneously took away the benefit of tenured faculty to stand up for what’s right,” he said. “It’s tenure in name only at this point.”

Since Buchanan writes on tax policy through a progressive lens, he said he felt that he could become a target at any time.

“The Republicans who are running Florida,” he told the outlet, “are squandering one of the state’s most important assets by driving out professors who otherwise wouldn’t have wanted to leave.”

The celebrity worship of “Love Has Won”: Why Robin Williams may have resonated with a cult

There is little about Amy Carlson’s cult that diverges from other groups profiled in docuseries like “Love Has Won: The Cult of Mother God.” To fans of such docuseries, it may feel like an expansive palette sparkling with conspirituality themes. Self-identified light workers bandy about the concept of twin flames and profess that cumulus cloud tufts disguise space ships.

Each of Carlson’s followers describes some version of being adrift in life before meeting her, whether due to addiction, trauma, serious illness or existential malaise. They credit her for guiding them out of the 3D illusion that is mundane reality into their five-dimensional ascended state. At this "frequency" it is understood, for instance, that Hitler was a lightworker. They proclaim the miraculous health benefits of ingesting colloidial silver.

And Carlson, whose followers call her Mother God or simply Mom, comes from basic beginnings. The supposed messiah was born in Kansas and found success as a McDonald’s district manager in Texas before suddenly abandoning her family in 2007, reappearing online shortly after that claiming to be a divine healer who practices spiritual surgeries.  Among her many wild claims was that she lived more than 500 lives over 19 billion years and was once known as Joan of Arc, Marilyn Monroe and Cleopatra. She also purported to be the reborn “Madam Blavtski,” likely referring to Russian mystic Helena Blavatsky, the founder of the Theosophy occultist movement.

When Carlson died in 2021 at the age of 45 as the result of what a coroner’s report deemed to be “alcohol abuse, anorexia and chronic colloidal silver ingestion," her followers refused to let Mom go. They drove her body from California to a Colorado house belonging to one of her most trusted acolytes, wrapped it in a blanket and blinking Christmas lights, and awaited her return. By the time the police raided the home, Carlson’s corpse was blue and mummified.

If you’ve seen “Wild Wild Country,” any of the Twin Flames or NXIVM examinations and “Stolen Youth: Inside the Cult of Sarah Lawrence,” to name a few, you have seen some version of this. But “Love Has Won” has one dazzling and bizarre differentiator from those: its followers’ universal connection through the spirit of Robin Williams.

The Love Has Won cultists are on a first-name basis with the legendary performer’s ghost, viewing him as  one of "Mom’s main ambassadors" and the primary “Galactic” in her “etheric team.” “She signed over, like, the divine plan for him to make change,” explains one of Carlson’s main “Oracles,” Archeia Hope, whose real name is Ashley Peluso. “Like, he’s a very, very big part of this. And humanity is going to see that.”

Hope explains the Love Has Won belief system by holding up a mixed-media collage of smiling celebrities, most of them dead, that Hope describes as “the Galactic A-Team.” It includes but is not limited to Steve Irwin, Carrie Fisher, David Bowie, Rodney Dangerfield, Gene Wilder, Chris Farley, Tupac Shakur, Whitney Houston, Prince and Michael Jackson. John Lennon, who in life was such a terrible driver that he hired chauffeurs for the safety of those around him, is in command of the main spaceship. The cult calls him Ashtar. 

Donald Trump is among them, of course, one of the living (aka "in the physical") members of the cult’s team. The still very much alive Carol Burnett is also in the picture, although Hope probably has no clue of who she or most of the others are. “Elvis is actually Mom’s son,” she says, pointing to Patrick Swayze's mug.

Carlson’s grinning visage is the largest and tops this mountain. Slightly smaller, but larger than the rest of the stars, is the face of the metaphysical figure Saint Germain. To her left is a picture of the same size which, Hope says, is “obviously Robin Williams.”

Williams built his comedy persona around being an outsider observing his fellow humans with affection, sensitivity and understanding.

All messages about what she or they should be doing come from what Carlson or one of her top followers claim to be Robin Williams. That could be as simple as Bring Mother God some onion dip and shrimp cocktail. 

“I have seen Robin Williams come through Mother God because she’s on alcohol,” says still-loyal follower El Moyra, aka Ryan Kramer, “and I feel that she utilized it as a tool to let certain things through, because we needed to hear it.” Such as the fact that he took Mother God’s joy away “by making her the world’s worst quesadilla.”

“No Surprises Here Robin Is an Expert” one of her journal scrawls declares.

It is hard to say what Williams would have made of “Love Has Won” or the cult itself; several videos show Carlson ripping massive bong hits in her pursuit of a “higher vibration.” Williams once mused, "Do you think God gets stoned? I think so. Look at the platypus." (He was also famously inclusive, placing that reputation at odds with the cult’s views that homosexuality is wrong and, um, that whole Hitler excuse.)

Carlson isn’t around to explain why Williams, who died in 2014, holds such a vaunted status in her beliefs. That means we may never know why she proclaimed him to be Heaven’s herald as opposed to, say, Philip Seymour Hoffman or Casey Kasem, who "ascended" that same year. 

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Decoding a fractured psyche is a fool’s errand, we know. But there is some logic thread to tug at here, in that Williams built his comedy persona around being an outsider observing his fellow humans with affection, sensitivity and understanding.

November coincides with the 30th anniversary of “Mrs. Doubtfire,” which is neither here nor there when it comes to mulling over his supposed divinity. One could make a more compelling argument in surmising that “What Dreams May Come,” which was made 25 years ago this year, might have had a more lasting impact on a person who tumbled down the Internet spirituality rabbit hole. 

Carlson and her Oracles aren’t “channeling” that essence. In the main Williams' kindly impression perseveres among Millennials and Gen Xers who came to accept Williams as a regular presence during the holidays thanks to movies like "Good Will Hunting," "Jumanji" and "Night at the Museum."  

“Love Has Won” director Hannah Olson noticeably doesn’t solicit expert insights in her documentary series. However, the theory she presents in a recent LA Times interview makes sense. “I think for latchkey kids of the ‘80s and ‘90s, celebrities filled in for the family members we wish we had,” she said. “Who wouldn’t want an uncle or a father like Robin Williams?”

That intimation may transcend cultures, suggested in Williams’ recent surprise cameo in “The Walking Dead: Daryl Dixon,” of all places. In the course of Norman Reedus’ wandering hunter escorting a supposed Messiah and a pair of nuns through zombie-infested France, they come to be hosted by a community of children in “Alouette.”

The Walking Dead: Daryl DixonClémence Poésy as Isabelle, Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon in "The Walking Dead: Daryl Dixon" (Stéphanie Branchu/AMC)To entertain their honored guest, they activate a bicycle-powered generator that fires up their TV to show an old episode of “Mork & Mindy.” Daryl’s uncharacteristically open joy is one of the limited series’ highlights; his memory of watching the show with his brother Merle is a happier one in an abusive home that wasn’t so happy.

"Reality is just a crutch for people who can’t cope with drugs," Williams once said.

Choosing “Mork & Mindy,” a show most people under 35 probably never heard of has metaphorical significance, as the episode’s director Daniel Percival told The Wrap when it aired in September. Percival wanted to imply a connection between Daryl’s story as “a fish out of water and an alien in a strange land” to that of Williams’ ambassador from Ork. When the children’s beloved caretaker dies, they send her off with a chorus of “Nanu, nanu.”

That leaves a very different impression from the following spirit world proclamation, relayed by one of Mother God’s followers in “Love Has Won.” “Another message for you disgusting b***hes and a**holes from Robin Williams. We’ve been instructed to take your heaters. Robin Williams is disgusted. You don’t get s**t.”

Many conspiracy-driven groups ground a portion of their whackadoodle belief system in a celebrity’s legacy. The most prominent example is QAnon, whose followers are certain that John F. Kennedy Jr. is alive and working with Trump – which, predictably, Love Has Won embraces. Rogue theories swearing that, say, Elvis, Tupac and Biggie Smalls are upright and possibly living together in a hidden bunker, have been flying around for decades.

Carlson’s obsession with Williams, however, illustrates the conspiritualist tendency to conflate celebrity and authority and how that amplifies a message’s potency. (Hence the continued viability of Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.'s presidential campaign, along with Trump's.) Love Has Won was born on the Internet; its earliest members chose its name because it was more searchable. Celebrity fame also lives and dies online and is frequently co-opted for dubious purposes. 

Between selling “wellness” products making pseudoscientific claims of effectiveness and their massive output of livestreams and YouTube content, Carlson and her close-knit community rode a wave swelled by disillusionment, a sense of powerlessness and doubt like the one that made Gwyneth Paltrow an alternative wellness guru.


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Like Goop, Love Has Won benefitted from our broken safety net. Some who appear in the documentary attest to having struggled with mental health issues; one former member was drawn to the spiritual respite Mother God offered because she was being crushed by medical debt. Surrendering to love has a concentrated appeal to the psychologically embattled.

But the average extremely online person wouldn’t know what to do with some random saint’s orders from beyond, even one best known for toplining a liqueur.

Williams, on the other hand, played the genie in “Aladdin,” along with a career’s worth of roles positioning him as everybody’s good guy, assuming most cultists missed his work as a soulless psychopath in “Insomnia.”

In a culture that deifies celebrities, Williams remains one whose memory is often invoked with affectionate nostalgia, accompanied by some of his better movie quotes, or from one of his stand-up sets.

"Reality is just a crutch for people who can’t cope with drugs," he once said. We may never know if that punchline launched a religion. The universe has pulled stranger jokes on humankind.

"Love Has Won: The Cult of Mother God" is streaming on Max.